Improving safety in the performance of robotic urinary diversions: a narrative review.

Urinary diversions are performed for a wide variety of indications, including bladder removal for cancer treatment, post-cancer treatment complications, trauma, or bladder pain. The robotic approach has been increasingly used in performing urinary diversions since the introduction of the surgical robot. A PubMed keyword search was performed on September 14, 2023 with the terms: robotic and urinary diversion. A narrative review of the literature was then conducted, with a focus on outcomes and complications following urinary diversion. Studies demonstrated that the robotic approach to cystectomy with urinary diversion was safe and productive, whether the diversion was performed intracorporeally or extracorporeally, and that outcomes are comparable to the open approach. Despite reports of successes and technique improvements, the complication rate following robotic cystectomy with urinary diversion is over 50%. Common complications associated with urinary diversion include bowel complications, ureteroenteric anastomotic strictures, urine leak, urinary tract infections, internal hernias, and parastomal hernias. Many strategies have been developed to improve the complication rate following robotic urinary diversion, including specialized training programs and enhanced recovery after surgery protocols. In conclusion, with the increasing adoption of the robotic approach for urinary diversions, it is important to continue to develop strategies to mitigate surgical risk. Future research should focus on further refinement of training and surgical approaches to prevent and treat complications following robotic urinary diversions.