ArticleBMC research notes2025
Pattern of antibiotic dispensing at pharmacies according to access, watch, reserve (AWaRe) classification: multicenter study after COVID-19 waves in different districts of Pakistan.
Article in BMC research notes, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Before Zaynich becomes routine: a call for reserve-class regulation in South Asia.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Article
- Adherence to Antibacterial Therapy and Associated Factors in Lower Respiratory Infections in War-Affected Areas: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Antibiotic dispensing practices in community pharmacies: Implications for antimicrobial stewardship in resource-constrained settings.Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy · 2025Article
- Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Iraqi Parents Regarding Antibiotic Use in Children and the Implications.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThe dispensing of non-prescription antibiotics is a worldwide concern, and antibiotics should only be dispensed with a legitimate prescription. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study was conducted using the simulated client methodology, with data collected, recorded, and analyzed using SPSS.
resultsThe simulated client visited 210 pharmacies, of which 70 dispensed antibiotics without a prescription. Outcomes The most often suggested antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) were Amoxicillin (n = 17, 8.1%), Clarithromycin (n = 20, 9.5%), and Moxifloxacin (n = 13, 6.2%), with 33.3% of medications dispensed without a prescription for URTIs. Cefixime (n = 20, 9.5%) and ceftriaxone (n = 17, 8.1%) were the most often administered medications for urinary tract infections (UTIs). The non-prescribed dispensing of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) and urinary tract infections (UTIs) was markedly elevated (p < 0.05). Antibiotics were dispensed without a prescription for diarrheal diseases in over 50% of pharmacies, with Metronidazole (n = 23, 11%), Azithromycin (n = 16, 7.6%), and Rifaximin (n = 15, 7.1%) being the most often prescribed. In all bivariate and multivariate models, male gender was associated with reduced likelihood (COR: 0.30, 95% CI: 0.12-0.72; p = 0.0079 and AOR: 0.03, 95% CI: 0.005-0.15; p = 0.0001). Individuals aged 30 years and older exhibited increased odds of dispensing in both bivariate (COR: 3.67, 95% CI: 1.69-8.87; p = 0.0018) and multivariate analyses (AOR: 9.44, 95% CI: 2.55-61.70; p = 0.001). The presence of a pharmacist on duty markedly diminished the likelihood of administering antibiotics without a prescription (COR: 0.13, 95% CI: 0.06-0.25; p = < 0.001; AOR: 0.06, 95% CI: 0.03-0.16; p = < 0.001).
conclusionThese findings highlight the imperative of enforcing existing laws and implementing rigorous rules, alongside pharmacy-centered antimicrobial stewardship programs that focus on accurate dispensing practices to mitigate antimicrobial resistance.
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