ArticleBMC public health2025
Sex-related association between smoke exposure and gallstones in a US population: a cross-sectional study.
Article in BMC public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Development and validation of gallstone disease risk factor identification model: a cross-sectional study in Western China.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCholelithiasis are a condition that creates an economic and medical burden on society, and women are more susceptible to gallbladder stones. However, the effect of smoking on the development of gallstones remains controversial. No studies, to our knowledge, have discussed the association between smoke exposure and gallstones separately in men and women. We evaluated the association between smoking and gallstones in both sexes.
methodsWe conducted a cross-sectional analysis using data obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2017 to March 2020. The analysis was limited to individuals aged ≥ 20 years with complete information available. Self-reported smoking status, serum cotinine concentration, and self-reported gallstones conditions were combined to analyze the association of gallstones with smoking and cotinine concentration.
resultsOf the 6,982 participants, a total of 6.2% (212) men and 14.5% (512) women reported having gallstones. Logistic regression analysis showed smoking and high serum cotinine level were risk factors associated with gallstones among women, both in the model 1 (current smoker: odds ratio [OR] = 1.563, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.044-2.339, p = 0.032; former smoker: OR = 1.434, 95% CI = 1.116-1.842, p = 0.007; cotinine ≥ 3 ng/mL: OR = 1.800, 95% CI = 1.247-2.596, p = 0.005; and cotinine 0.05-2.99 ng/mL: OR = 1.640, 95% CI = 1.188-2.263, p = 0.005) and model 2 (current smoker: OR = 1.588, 95% CI = 1.015-2.483, p = 0.044; cotinine ≥ 3 ng/mL: OR = 1.825; 95% CI = 1.181-2.821, p = 0.011; and cotinine 0.05-2.99 ng/mL: OR = 1.509, 95% CI = 1.075-2.126, p = 0.022). However, the association was statistically insignificant in men. The subgroup analysis showed the robustness of the association.
conclusionsThis study indicates smoking and elevated serum cotinine levels may be risk factors associated with the development of gallstones. Notably, the associations were specifically observed among women. The findings suggest the significance of smoking in the incidence of gallstones, which may potentially provide insights for future research on strategies to prevent gallstones, particularly among women. The validation of these findings necessitates the conduction of large-scale, high-quality prospective studies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.