Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39868479›Full record

ArticleAlzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association2025

Offspring education and cognitive health: A comparison between Hispanic and White older adults in the United States.

Erika Meza, Karla Renata Flores Romero, Isabel E Allen, Hector M González, M Maria Glymour, Jacqueline M Torres

Abstract readComparative Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Erika MezaDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
Karla Renata Flores RomeroDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
Isabel E AllenDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
Hector M GonzálezDepartment of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
M Maria GlymourDepartment of Epidemiology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Jacqueline M TorresDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

Funding

The contribution of adult child socio-economic status to parents' risk and outcomes of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRDs) in cross-national settingsR01AG072448 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI Jacqueline Marie Torres · 2022 to 2026
$3.7M
The effect of intergenerational education on cognitive outcomes for and among Latinos in the United StatesF31AG071111 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI MEZA, ERIKA · 2021 to 2023
$102k
NIA NIH HHS F31 AG071111NIA NIH HHS F31AG071111NIA NIH HHS R01 AG072448NIA NIH HHS R01AG072448
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionWe compared the relationship between offspring education and cognitive health outcomes among Hispanic and White adults.

methodsWe used data from Hispanic and White (1998-2018) United States (US) Health and Retirement Study (HRS) participants (n = 17,484). We assessed cognitive function and decline using episodic memory scores in linear mixed models and incident cognitive impairment with no dementia (CIND) or probable dementia using the Langa-Weir 27-point-scale in Cox proportional hazards models.

resultsHigher offspring education (> 12 years) was associated with higher baseline cognitive scores and faster cognitive decline. Higher offspring education was also linked to a reduced risk of CIND or probable dementia, particularly among Hispanic participants. Among Hispanic participants, associations with cognitive decline but not incident CIND or probable dementia were of larger magnitude for foreign-born versus US-born participants. DISCUSSION: We found limited evidence of heterogeneity in the association between offspring education and cognitive aging by Hispanic ethnicity and nativity. HIGHLIGHTS: Higher offspring education was associated with higher baseline cognitive scores regardless of ethnicity or nativity. We found some evidence of an association between higher offspring education and faster cognitive decline, though this association varied by ethnicity and nativity. Higher offspring education was associated with a reduced risk of incident CIND or dementia for Hispanic and White participants but of slightly larger magnitude for Hispanic participants.

Indexed as

CognitionCognitive DysfunctionEducational StatusHispanic or LatinoWhiteAgedAged, 80 and overDementiaFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedUnited Statescognitioncognitive declinecognitive impairmenteducationHispanicverbal episodic memory

Identifiers

PMID39868479
PMCPMC11848152

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.