Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39867818›Full record

ArticleChina CDC weekly2025

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Waterborne and Foodborne Protozoan Pathogens in Kenya: A One Health Perspective.

Joseph Okoth Ogalo, Chang Cai, Ziming Han, Yu Zhang, Min Yang

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in China CDC weekly, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Joseph Okoth OgaloState Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
Chang CaiCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China.
Ziming HanState Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
Yu ZhangState Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
Min YangState Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Intestinal infections affect approximately 450 million people globally, predominantly impacting children and immunocompromised individuals in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) due to inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) conditions, poverty, malnutrition, and low literacy. In Kenya, the prevalence of intestinal infections is elevated by warm tropical climates and socioeconomic factors. This scoping review evaluates the national prevalence, risk factors, and contamination sources of intestinal protozoa in Kenya, using a One Health approach to synthesize existing data from various human, animal, and environmental studies. A comprehensive literature search identified 292 studies, of which 67 met the inclusion criteria, covering the period from 1966 to 2024. The review found that most studies utilized stool microscopy, a method with limited sensitivity, and largely focused on vulnerable human populations, with minimal investigation into environmental reservoirs. Key protozoa identified included

Indexed as

intestinal protozoaKenyaOne Healthprevalencesanitation and hygiene (WASH)waterzoonotic transmission

Identifiers

PMID39867818
PMCPMC11757905

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-SA
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.