Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39867797›Full record

ArticlePakistan journal of medical sciences2025

Examining factor structure and psychometric properties of Ethical Leadership Questionnaire with Healthcare Professionals in Saudi Arabia.

Badr K Aldhmadi, Rakesh Kumar, Bilesha Perera, Mohammad A Algarni

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Pakistan journal of medical sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Badr K AldhmadiBadr K. Aldhmadi, Ph.D Department of Health Management, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia.
Rakesh KumarRakesh Kumar, Ph.D Department of Health Management, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia.
Bilesha PereraBilesha Perera, MSc., Ph.D Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle, Sri Lanka. Department of Health Management, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia.
Mohammad A AlgarniMohammad A. Algarni, Ph.D Faculty of Economic and Administration, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Objective: The study aimed to examine the factor structure and psychometric properties of ethical leadership questionnaire (ELQ) by using a healthcare professional sample in Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted, and a total of 387 healthcare professionals completed the 15-items ELQ questionnaire between 18 October, 2023 and 17 January, 2024. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and a reliability test were performed on the obtained data. Results: It was found that the ELQ involved four factors including honesty (four items), integrity (four items), sets example (three items), and concern for values (four items). The study was able to explain 74.14% of the total variance. The model comparative fit index (CFI) was 0.952, the goodness-of-fit index (GFI) was 0.915, the standardized root mean squared residual (SRMR) was 0.0536, and the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) was 0.076. The reliability value was obtained by using Cronbach's alpha, and the results of each subscale were higher than 0.80, which means they were deemed adequate and reliable. The results from these fit indices indicated that the four-factor model with EC offered the utmost fit. Conclusion: The ELQ is a reliable and valid instrument that can be used on this population to determine employees' perceptions of their leaders' ethical behavior.

Indexed as

Ethical BehaviorEthical Leadership QuestionnaireFactor structureHealthcare professionalPsychometric propertiesSaudi Arabia

Identifiers

PMID39867797
PMCPMC11755294

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.