ArticleBMJ open2025
Exploring the experiences of cognitive symptoms in Long COVID: a mixed-methods study in the UK.
Article in BMJ open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Neurodegenerative and Cognitive Consequences of Long COVID.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- LearningRx Cognitive Training for Workplace Self-Efficacy in Adults with Post-COVID-19 Brain Fog: A Mixed-Methods Pilot Study.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Post-COVID cognitive dysfunction in socioeconomically-vulnerable older adults: findings from a Brazilian cohort.Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria · 2026Article
- Treatment experiences, preferences, and expectations for cognitive impairments in long COVID among Chinese young and older adults: a constructivist grounded theory study.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Immunomodulatory Mechanisms Underlying Neurological Manifestations in Long COVID: Implications for Immune-Mediated Neurodegeneration.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo explore the lived experiences and extent of cognitive symptoms in Long COVID (LC) in a UK-based sample.
designThis study implemented a mixed-methods design. Eight focus groups were conducted to collect qualitative data, and the Framework Analysis was used to reveal the experiences and impact of cognitive symptoms. A self-report questionnaire was used to collect the quantitative data to assess the perceived change and extent of symptomology post COVID-19.
settingFocus groups were conducted in April 2023 online via Zoom and in-person at the University of Leeds, UK.
participants25 people with LC living in the UK participated in the study. Participants were aged 19-76 years (M=43.6 years, SD=14.7) and included 17 women and 8 men.
resultsReduced cognitive ability was among the most prevalent symptoms reported by the study participants. Three key themes were identified from the qualitative data: (1) rich accounts of cognitive symptoms; (2) the impact on physical function and psychological well-being and (3) symptom management. Descriptions of cognitive symptoms included impairments in memory, attention, language, executive function and processing speed. Cognitive symptoms had a profound impact on physical functioning and psychological well-being, including reduced ability to work and complete activities of daily living. Strategies used for symptom management varied in effectiveness.
conclusionCognitive dysfunction in LC appears to be exacerbated by vicious cycle of withdrawal from daily life including loss of employment, physical inactivity and social isolation driving low mood, anxiety and poor cognitive functioning. Previous evidence has revealed the anatomical and physiological biomarkers in the brain affecting cognition in LC. To synthesise these contributing factors, we propose the Long-COVID Interacting Network of factors affecting Cognitive Symptoms. This framework is designed to inform clinicians and researchers to take a comprehensive approach towards LC rehabilitation, targeting the neural, individual and lifestyle factors.
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