ReviewPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)2025
Two- and Three-Dimensional Culture Systems: Respiratory In Vitro Tissue Models for Chemical Screening and Risk-Based Decision Making.
Review in Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The Effect of Cigarettes and E-Cigarettes on Epithelial-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Pooled it
- Review
- 2D and 3D In Vitro Culture Systems in Biomedical Research: From Basic Experimental to Translational Utility.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Biopharmaceutical assessment of naloxone permeation through human respiratory epithelial tissues: A chromatographic-mass spectrometric approach with cloud based aerosol dosing and delivery.Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis · 2026Article
- The Advanced Integrated Respiratory (AIR) Model: Integration of Air-Liquid Interface Cell Cultures within a Human Airway Model for Inhalation Toxicology.Pharmaceutical research · 2026Article
- The mechanical microenvironment and lung stem cell fate.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Tools of the trade: leveraging 3DFrontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Establishing scientific confidence: human biological relevance of reconstructed human respiratory epithelium (RHRE) for assessing respiratory effects.Frontiers in toxicology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Risk of lung damage from inhaled chemicals or substances has long been assessed using animal models. However, New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) that replace, reduce, and/or refine the use of animals in safety testing such as 2D and 3D cultures are increasingly being used to understand human-relevant toxicity responses and for the assessment of hazard identification. Here we review 2D and 3D lung models in terms of their application for inhalation toxicity assessment. We highlight a key case study for the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), in which a 3D model was used to assess human toxicity and replace the requirement for a 90-day inhalation toxicity study in rats. Finally, we consider the regulatory guidelines for the application of NAMs and potential use of different lung models for aerosol toxicity studies depending on the regulatory requirement/context of use.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.