ReviewSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2025
A Comprehensive Survey on the Integrity of Localization Systems.
Review in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Integrity as a Control Problem: Smooth and Adaptive Protection Levels for Multi-Modal Localization.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- A Tutorial Review of Statistical Snapshot Detectors for GNSS/RAIM Fault Detection: Unified Derivations and Detector Relationships.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This survey extends and refines the existing definitions of integrity and protection level in localization systems (localization as a broad term, i.e., not limited to GNSS-based localization). In our definition, we study integrity from two aspects: quality and quantity. Unlike existing reviews, this survey examines integrity methods covering various localization techniques and sensors. We classify localization techniques as optimization-based, fusion-based, and SLAM-based. A new classification of integrity methods is introduced, evaluating their applications, effectiveness, and limitations. Comparative tables summarize strengths and gaps across key criteria, such as algorithms, evaluation methods, sensor data, and more. The survey presents a general probabilistic model addressing diverse error types in localization systems. Findings reveal a significant research imbalance: 73.3% of surveyed papers focus on GNSS-based methods, while only 26.7% explore non-GNSS approaches like fusion, optimization, or SLAM, with few addressing protection level calculations. Robust modeling is highlighted as a promising integrity method, combining quantification and qualification to address critical gaps. This approach offers a unified framework for improving localization system reliability and safety. This survey provides key insights for developing more robust localization systems, contributing to safer and more efficient autonomous operations.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.