PTR-ToF-MS VOC Profiling of Raw and Cooked Gilthead Sea Bream Fillet (

This study explores the impact of geographical origin, harvest time, and cooking on the volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles of wild and reared seabream from the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian Seas. A Proton Transfer Reaction-Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) allowed for VOC profiling with high sensitivity and high throughput. A total of 227 mass peaks were identified. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed a clear separation between cooked and raw samples, with cooking causing a significant increase in 64% of VOCs, especially hydrogen sulphide, methanethiol, and butanal. A two-way ANOVA revealed significant effects of origin, time, and their interaction on VOC concentration, with 102 mass peaks varying significantly based on all three factors. Seasonal effects were also notable, particularly in reared fish from the Adriatic Sea, where compounds like monoterpenes and aromatics were higher during non-breeding months, likely due to environmental factors unique to that area. Differences between wild and reared fish were influenced by lipid content and seasonal changes, impacting the VOC profile of seabream. These findings provide valuable insights into how cooking, geographical origin, and seasonality interact to define the flavour profile of seabream, with potential applications in improving quality control and product differentiation in seafood production.