Using a Hand-Held Icterometer to Screen for Neonatal Jaundice: Validation, Feasibility, and Acceptability of the Bili-Ruler

backgroundNeonatal jaundice (NNJ) remains a leading cause of newborn mortality in much of sub-Saharan Africa. We sought to examine the validity of using a hand-held icterometer as a screening tool to determine which newborns need further assessment. Additionally, we sought to assess the feasibility of its use among mothers.

methodsWe recruited and trained healthcare workers at one large district hospital in Ghana to use a hand-held icterometer known as the Bili-Ruler

resultsOut of 341 newborns screened, 20 had elevated TCB indicative of hyperbilirubinemia. Healthcare workers' Bili-Ruler ratings had a strong and significant correlation with TCB scores, as did the ratings of researchers and mothers. When comparing Bili-Ruler scores against TCB, sensitivity across all three raters was 80% (95% CI 75.6-84.3), specificity ranged from 61.1% (healthcare providers) to 66.7% (researchers), positive predictive value ranged from 11.4% (healthcare providers) to 13.0% (researchers), and negative predictive value was 98.0% or higher across all raters. Area under the ROC curve ranged from 0.71 for healthcare providers to 0.73 for researchers. Mothers AUC was 0.72. In terms of acceptability and feasibility, the Bili-Ruler was widely accepted by the mothers and family. In total, 98% of mothers reported using it, and 90.8% used it 3 or more days in the first week after birth. Moreover, 89.8% used it more than twice per day.

conclusionsA hand-held, low-tech icterometer is an important potential mechanism for improving early jaundice identification in low-resource settings. Further studies using larger sample sizes with a higher prevalence of hyperbilirubinemia are warranted.