ArticleBMC public health2025
Global trends in the burden of ischemic heart disease based on the global burden of disease study 2021: the role of metabolic risk factors.
Article in BMC public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed.
- Promotion of long-term health in early life.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Burden and Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases in Asia, 1990-2021: An Analysis for GBD 2021.JACC. Asia · 2026Article
- Nighttime Cold Stress and Cardiovascular Emergency Hospitalizations: A Time-Series Analysis by Sex and Age in a Subtropical City.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2026Article
- Metabolic Adaptation in Acute Ischemic Events: The Critical Role of Acyl-Coenzyme A Synthetase Family in Myocardial Infarction and Ischemic Stroke.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2026Review
- Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Exposure and Ischemic Heart Disease: Emerging Evidence from the Literature.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Machine Learning for Coronary Heart Disease Prediction: Comparative Analysis of Framingham and Cleveland Subset of the UCI Dataset with SHAP-Based Interpretability.Epidemiologia (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Burden of Ischemic Heart Disease in Central Asia from 1990 to 2021: A Systematic Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Mental health and quality of life outcomes after CABG in a South Asian country: a prospective study.Journal of cardiothoracic surgery · 2026Article
- Prevalence of hypertension and estimates of cardiovascular disease risk in the Western Province of Sri Lanka.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2026Article
- Type 2 Myocardial Infarction: Navigating Diagnostic Pathways and Therapeutic Crossroads Between Invasive and Conservative Strategies.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Dietary Index for Gut Microbiota and Risk of All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Across Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome Stages 0-3: A Nationwide Prospective Cohort Study.Reviews in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- Review
- From plaque to event: coronary plaque burden and morphology in predicting adverse cardiovascular outcomes.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- A Refined Approach to Permanent Coronary Artery Ligation in Rats: Enhancing Outcomes and Reducing Animal Burden.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- PSO-BiLSTM-Attention: An Interpretable Deep Learning Model Optimized by Particle Swarm Optimization for Accurate Ischemic Heart Disease Incidence Forecasting.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Device encapsulated MSCs for adaptive secretome therapy to effectively target ischaemic heart injury.Stem cell research & therapy · 2025Article
- Global trends and inequalities in hypertensive and ischemic heart disease attributable to high body mass index: A systematic analysis from 1990 to 2021 with projections to 2035.American heart journal plus : cardiology research and practice · 2025Article
- Preliminary Observations on Discordance Between Coronary Artery Calcium Score of Zero and Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography Findings in Asymptomatic Adults.Cardiology research · 2025Article
- Article
- Which Infectious Diseases Drive the Highest Absenteeism Costs-An Analysis Based on National Data Covering the Entire Polish Population in the Period of 2018-2023.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIschemic heart disease (IHD) remains a leading cause of mortality and morbidity globally. This study aims to evaluate the trends in IHD burden across different socioeconomic regions using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021) and to understand the impact of the metabolic risk factors on these trends.
methodsData from GBD 2021 was analyzed to evaluate the global age-standardized death rates (ASDR) and disability-adjusted life years (ASRDALYs) linked to IHD. Key metabolic risk factors evaluated included high systolic blood pressure (SBP), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and body mass index (BMI). Temporal trends were assessed using estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs), with further analysis by age, sex and socio-demographic index (SDI).
resultsResource-abundant regions showed notable reductions in ASDR and ASRDALYs, largely due to effective management of SBP and LDLc, resulting in an EAPC of -3.43 (95% CI: -3.32, -3.53). In contrast, resource-limited regions, particularly among males, experienced stagnation or even increases in IHD burden. The EAPC of ASDR in low-, low-middle-, and middle-SDI regions ranged from - 0.12 (95% CI: -0.04, -0.19) to 0.16 (95% CI: 0.09, 0.23). Among males, the values ranged from 0.22 (95% CI: 0.14, 0.29) to 0.55 (95% CI: 0.47, 0.62). The increase in IHD burden in these regions was primarily driven by rising levels of FPG and BMI. Younger populations (15-49 years) were disproportionately affected, showing increasing exposure to these metabolic risks.
conclusionRegional disparities in IHD burden persist, primarily driven by metabolic risk factors. Resource-abundant regions have benefitted from effective control of SBP and LDLc, whereas resource-limited regions face growing challenges, especially related to FPG and BMI. The use of secondary data from the GBD 2021 database provides a comprehensive global perspective but may not fully capture local variations in disease burden. Targeted public health strategies and early interventions are essential to reduce the growing IHD burden in these vulnerable populations.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.