Observational studyBMC anesthesiology2025
Anesthesia depth monitoring during opioid free anesthesia - a prospective observational study.
Observational study in BMC anesthesiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06227143 (Monitoring Depth of Anesthesia During Opioid Free Anesthesia), which is not on this map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Monitoring Depth of Anesthesia During Opioid Free Anesthesia
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Dexmedetomidine-Ketamine-Based Multimodal General Anesthesia with Electroencephalographic Spectrogram-Guided Titration Improves Early Recovery After Lumbar Spine Fusion in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Drug design, development and therapy · 2026Trial
- Esketamine-Based Opioid-Free versus Opioid-Based Anesthesia for Recovery Quality After Laparoscopic Transabdominal Preperitoneal Repair: A Randomized Noninferiority Trial.Drug design, development and therapy · 2026Trial
- From index to insight: clinical perspectives on electroencephalographic spectrogram-guided anesthesia-a narrative review.Korean journal of anesthesiology · 2026Review
- Processed EEG Artifacts and Pitfalls: A Narrative Review and a Troubleshooting Mnemonic.Cureus · 2026Review
- Divergent periodic and aperiodic EEG signatures of Propofol versus sevoflurane anesthesia: a comparative neurophysiological study.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Opioid-free anesthesia in enhanced recovery after surgery for gastrointestinal surgery: current status, challenges, and prospects.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPatients undergoing general anesthesia are more frequently monitored for depth of anesthesia using processed electroencephalography. Opioid-free anesthesia is nowadays an accepted modality for general anesthesia, however it is unclear how to interpret data from processed electroencephalography when using a mixture of non-opioid anesthetic drugs. Our objective was to describe density spectral array patterns and compare processed encephalographic data indices between opioid-free and routine opioid based anesthesia.
methodsThis prospective observational cohort study was conducted on 30 adult patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery in a non-tertiary regional hospital. The patients underwent general anesthesia with three different methods and were monitored for anesthesia depth using processed encephalography and density spectral array. Primary outcome is a group-derived mean difference in patient state index and spectral edge frequency. As a secondary outcome a descriptive comparison of the spectral power, derived from the density spectral array, was done between groups.
resultsThe opioid-free anesthesia group had significantly higher patient state index and spectral edge frequency compared to routine anesthesia. Density spectral array patterns were also different, most notably lacking the high power in alpha frequency spectrum seen in the other routine anesthesia methods.
conclusionsProcessed electroencephalography monitoring can be used in opioid-free anesthesia, however clinicians should expect higher values in monitoring indices. The density spectral array pattern using a common protocol for opioid-free anesthesia, with mainly sevoflurane combined with low doses of dexmedetomidine and esketamine, differs from well described opioid and GABA-ergic anesthesia methods. These findings should be further validated using other protocols for opioid-free anesthesia in order to safely monitor anesthesia depth.
trial registrationClinicaltrials.gov registration number NCT06227143, registration date; 26th of January 2024.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.