Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39856447›Full record

ArticleJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities2026

E-Cigarette Use and Depression Among American Indian Adults Who Smoke.

Brady A Garrett, Ashley L Comiford, Justin D Dvorak, Kai Ding, Dorothy A Rhoades, Theodore Wagener, Ashley B Cole, Paul G Spicer, Mark P Doescher

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Brady A GarrettDepartment of Public Health, Cherokee Nation, 1325 East Boone Street, Tahlequah, OK, 74464, USA. brady-garrett@cherokee.org.ORCID 0000-0002-0726-1313
Ashley L ComifordCherokee Nation Health Services, Tahlequah, OK, 74464, USA.
Justin D DvorakDepartment of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
Kai DingDepartment of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
Dorothy A RhoadesStephenson Cancer Center, and Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
Theodore WagenerDepartment of Medical Oncology, College of Medicine, and Center for Tobacco Research, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
Ashley B ColeDepartment of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 116 Psychology Building, Stillwater, OK, 74078-3064, USA.
Paul G SpicerDepartment of Anthropology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA.
Mark P DoescherStephenson Cancer Center, and Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.

Funding

Vaping among Smokers: a Cherokee Nation Cohort StudyP20CA202921 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA · PI JERVIS, LORI L · 2015 to 2018
$1.2M
Tobacco Cessation among American Indian Cancer Survivors in Cherokee NationP20CA253258 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA HLTH SCIENCES CTR · PI STONER, JULIE A · 2020 to 2023
$707k
Tobacco Cessation among American Indian Cancer Survivors in Cherokee NationP20CA253255 · NCI · CHEROKEE NATION · PI KHAN, SOHAIL IMRAN · 2020 to 2023
$697k
Vaping among Smokers, a Cherokee Nation Cohort StudyP20CA202923 · NCI · CHEROKEE NATION · PI KHAN, SOHAIL IMRAN · 2015 to 2018
$363k
National Institutes of Health; National Cancer Institute 5P20CA253258National Institutes of Health; National Cancer Institute P20CA20291National Institutes of Health; National Cancer Institute P20CA202923National Institutes of Health; National Cancer Institute P20CA253255NCI NIH HHS P20 CA202921NCI NIH HHS P20 CA202923NCI NIH HHS P20 CA253255NCI NIH HHS P20 CA253258
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveThis study examined the association of e-cigarette use status and history of depression among American Indian (AI) adults who smoke.

methodWe conducted a secondary data analysis using survey data from 375 AI adult smokers collected in 2016 at a tribally operated healthcare facility in northeast Oklahoma. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the association between e-cigarette use and self-reported history of depression while adjusting for potential confounders.

resultsIn the adjusted analyses, compared to never users, current and former e-cigarette users had higher estimated odds of depression history (adj. OR 2.66; 95% CI 1.25-5.72 and adj. OR 2.38; 95% CI 1.36-4.26, respectively). Additional factors independently associated with a history of depression included having strong cravings to smoke (adj. OR 2.28; 95% CI 1.13-4.88) and having a history of chronic disease (adj. OR 2.09; 95% CI 1.20-3.70) after controlling for confounding variables.

conclusionsE-cigarette use among AI adult smokers was independently associated with a history of depression. Whether e-cigarette use among people who smoke results from depression or whether depression results from the combined use of e-cigarettes and cigarettes requires future research using a prospective cohort design.

Indexed as

American Indian or Alaska NativeDepressionElectronic Nicotine Delivery SystemsIndians, North AmericanVapingAdolescentAdultFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedOklahomaYoung AdultAmerican IndianCommercial tobaccoDepressionE-cigarette useHealth disparities

Identifiers

PMID39856447
PMCPMC12880276

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.