ArticleScientific reports2025
The role of ultrasound combined with water bath in the establishment of animal models of rat urethral stricture.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Neutrophil extracellular traps in post-traumatic urethral microenvironment promote hypertrophic urethral stricture via the TLR9/NF-kB/Smad3/IL-8 axis.Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death · 2026Article
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5 authors.
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Abstract
Urinary tract injuries represent a significant clinical challenge, necessitating precise diagnosis and effective treatment strategies. Rat models are preferred for studying urinary tract injuries due to their size, visibility of external genitalia, and robust reproductive and growth capabilities. However, there is a lack of standardized methodologies for evaluating the endpoints of rat urinary tract injury models. This study aimed to investigate the methodology of model establishment, imaging evaluation techniques, and endpoint effectiveness. Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to groups, including a blank control group and surgical groups. The surgical groups underwent urethral injury induced by recombinant transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) solution, followed by the random selection of one surgical group (n = 6) to receive treatment with mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) exosomes. High-frequency ultrasonography using a GE E10 device combined with a water bath method was employed to evaluate the urethral conditions of all rats. Ultrasonographic characteristics were scored for all surgical group rats, and an intergroup analysis was conducted between the surgical group and the control group rats. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 22.0 software. Ultrasonographic assessment revealed significant differences in urethral echogenicity between the normal group and the surgical group, with noticeable changes in urethral morphology post-injury. Histopathological examination confirmed more severe urethral stenosis in the TGF group compared to the MSC group. High-frequency ultrasound could effectively differentiate between the two groups of rats. Additionally, there were significant differences in the scoring of ultrasonographic characteristics between the two groups. Urethral stricture presents a complex challenge in urology, often requiring invasive treatment modalities. The establishment of animal models plays a crucial role in understanding and addressing this condition. TGF-β1 induced fibrosis and MSC therapy represent promising avenues for urethral stricture management. High-frequency ultrasound combined with the immersion method offers a non-invasive and cost-effective approach for evaluating rat urethral stricture models. This study highlights the practicality of high-frequency ultrasound combined with the water bath method in evaluating rat urethral stricture models, as it can effectively differentiate between rats in the pure TGF-β1 induced group and those in the MSC treatment group based on urethral changes. The results underscore the importance of standardized methodologies for model assessment and the potential of non-invasive imaging techniques in preclinical research. Overall, this study contributes to advancing our understanding of urinary system injuries and holds implications for future therapeutic interventions in urology.
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