ArticleArchives of disease in childhood2025
Epidemiology of gender dysphoria and gender incongruence in children and young people attending primary care practices in England: retrospective cohort study.
Article in Archives of disease in childhood, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Cardiometabolic diseases in transgender populations.Cardiovascular diabetology. Endocrinology reports · 2026Review
- Comparing sexual outcomes and complications in Male-to-Female Gender-Affirming Surgery: penile inversion vs. robotic peritoneal vaginoplasty.International journal of impotence research · 2026Article
- The Impact of Birth Year on the Coming Out Process for Transgender and Gender Diverse Individuals from Austria.Archives of sexual behavior · 2026Article
- Trends of musculoskeletal pain in children and young people consulting primary care: an electronic primary health care record study.BMC pediatrics · 2025Article
- 'Letting him know that we love him': the experiences of young people who question their gender and the parents who support them.Archives of disease in childhood · 2025Article
- Emerging and accumulating safety signals for the use of estrogen among transgender women.Discover mental health · 2025Review
- Towards Best-Practice Healthcare for Transgender Patients: Quality Improvement in United Kingdom General Practice.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Gender dysphoria and psychological distress among transgender individuals: the moderating role of resilience.Health psychology report · 2025Article
- On being (not so) different: perceptions of gender dysphoria and neurodiversity among people aged 15-35 in Sweden.Frontiers in sociology · 2025Article
- Socio-Demographic and Health Data of Adolescents Identifying as Transgender or Gender Diverse in the Born in Bradford's Age of Wonder Cohort.Wellcome open research · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
objectiveTo examine trends in diagnosis of gender dysphoria and related conditions in children and young people attending primary care practices in England.
designLongitudinal analysis of electronic primary care records from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) Aurum database linked to hospital and Index of Multiple Deprivation data.
settingPrimary care practices in England between 2011 and 2021.
participants3782 patients aged 0-18 years with a recorded history of gender dysphoria/incongruence and matched comparators with autism spectrum conditions or eating disorder.
main outcome measuresIncidence rates and prevalence of gender dysphoria/incongruence; prescribing rates for medical treatments; co-occurrence of anxiety, depression and self-harm.
resultsBetween 2011 and 2021, incidence rates of recorded gender dysphoria/incongruence increased from 0.14 (95% CI 0.08 to 0.20) to 4.4 (95% CI 4.1 to 4.7) per 10 000 person years, and from 2014 the rate increased more rapidly in recorded females than males. There was no significant association between gender dysphoria/incongruence and area level deprivation. Of the 3782 children and young people with a record of gender dysphoria/incongruence, 176 (4.7%) were prescribed puberty suppressing hormones; 302 (8.0%) were prescribed masculinising/feminising hormones; and 1994 (52.7%) had a record of anxiety, depression or self-harm. Compared with matched comparators, those experiencing gender dysphoria/incongruence had similar recorded rates of anxiety and higher rates of depression and self-harm.
conclusionsRecorded prevalence of gender dysphoria/incongruence increased substantially in children and young people between 2011 and 2021, particularly in recorded females. Levels of anxiety, depression and self-harm were high, indicating an urgent need for better prevention and treatment of mental health difficulties in these patients.
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