Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39855233›Full record

Observational studyThe Lancet. Planetary health2025

Associations between weather extremes and faecal contamination along pathogen transmission pathways in rural Bangladeshi households: a prospective observational study.

Caitlin G Niven, Mahfuza Islam, Anna Nguyen, Jessica A Grembi, Andrew Mertens, Amy J Pickering, Laura H Kwong, Mahfuja Alam, Debashis Sen, Sharmin Islam and 8 more

Registry-linked trialAbstract readObservational Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in The Lancet. Planetary health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01590095 (WASH Benefits Bangladesh), which is not on this map. Cited by 8 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
8citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT01590095 naunknown statusnot on this map

WASH Benefits Bangladesh: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial of the Benefits of Water, Sanitation, Hygiene Plus Nutrition Interventions on Child Growth

TypeinterventionalSponsorInternational Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, BangladeshRan2012 to 2022Enrolled5,040ConditionsMalnutrition, Diarrhea, Child DevelopmentArmsWater quality, Sanitation, Hand washing, Water quality, Sanitation, Hand washing (Combined WASH), Nutrition
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

8 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
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  8. Associations between floor material andbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

18 authors.

Caitlin G NivenDepartment of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA. Electronic address: cgniven@ncsu.edu.
Mahfuza IslamDivision of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Anna NguyenDepartment of Epidemiology & Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Jessica A GrembiDepartment of Epidemiology & Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Andrew MertensDivision of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Amy J PickeringDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Laura H KwongDivision of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Mahfuja AlamEnvironmental Health and WASH, Health System and Population Studies Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Debashis SenEnvironmental Health and WASH, Health System and Population Studies Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Sharmin IslamEnvironmental Health and WASH, Health System and Population Studies Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Mahbubur RahmanEnvironmental Health and WASH, Health System and Population Studies Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Leanne UnicombEnvironmental Health and WASH, Health System and Population Studies Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Alan E HubbardDivision of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Stephen P LubyDivision of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
John M ColfordDivision of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Benjamin F ArnoldFrancis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Jade Benjamin-ChungDepartment of Epidemiology & Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Ayse ErcumenDepartment of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.

Funding

Effects of sanitation on pathogen transmission and child health in BangladeshR01HD078912 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY · PI COLFORD, JOHN M · 2014 to 2017
$2.2M
NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD078912
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundWeather extremes are predicted to influence pathogen exposure but their effects on specific faecal-oral transmission pathways are not well investigated. We evaluated associations between extreme rain and temperature during different antecedent periods (0-14 days) and Escherichia coli along eight faecal-oral pathways in rural Bangladeshi households.

methodsWe used data from the WASH Benefits Bangladesh cluster-randomised controlled trial (NCT01590095). E coli was enumerated in hand rinses from children younger than 5 years and their mothers, food, stored drinking water, tubewells, captured flies, ponds, and courtyard soil using IDEXX Quanti-Tray/2000 in nine rounds over 3·5 years and spatiotemporally matched to daily weather data. We used generalised linear models with robust standard errors to estimate E coli count ratios (ECRs) associated with extreme rain and temperature, defined as greater than the 90th percentile of daily values during the study period.

findingsA total of 26 659 samples were collected during the study period. Controlling for temperature, extreme rain on the sampling day was associated with increased E coli in food (ECR=3·13 [95% CI 1·63-5·99], p=0·0010), stored drinking water (ECR=1·98 [1·36-2·88], p=0·0004), and ponds (ECR=3·46 [2·34-5·11], p<0·0001), and reduced E coli in soil (ECR=0·36 [0·24-0·53], p<0·0001). Extreme rain the day before sampling was associated with reduced E coli in tubewells (ECR=0·10 [0·02-0·62], p=0·014). Associations were similar for rainfall 1-7 days before sampling and slightly attenuated for rainfall 14 days before sampling. Controlling for rainfall, extreme temperature on the sampling day was associated with increased E coli in stored drinking water (ECR=1·49 [1·05-2·12], p=0·025) and food (ECR=3·01 [1·51-6·01], p=0·0020). Associations with temperature were similar for all antecedent periods and particularly pronounced for food. Neither rainfall nor temperature were consistently associated with E coli on hands and flies.

interpretationIn rural Bangladesh, measures to control enteric infections following weather extremes should focus on water treatment and safe storage to reduce contamination of drinking water and food stored at home and on reducing exposure to surface waters.

fundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation, National Institutes of Health, World Bank.

Indexed as

Escherichia coliEscherichia coli InfectionsFecesWeatherBangladeshChild, PreschoolFamily CharacteristicsFemaleHumansInfantProspective StudiesRainRandomized Controlled Trials as TopicRural PopulationTemperatureWater Microbiology

Identifiers

PMID39855233
PMCPMC11755722

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.