ArticlePloS one2025
Factors associated with vitamin D levels in Mongolian patients with multiple sclerosis.
Article in PloS one, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundMultiple sclerosis (MS) onset is caused by genetic and environmental factors. Vitamin D has been identified as contributing environmental risk factor, with higher prevalence at latitudes further from the equator. Mongolia, at 45°N, has limited sunlight exposure, increasing the population's risk for vitamin D deficiency.
objectivesTo compare vitamin D levels between persons with MS (pwMS) and persons without MS and to identify factors associated with low vitamin D.
methodsWe investigated associations with vitamin D levels using data from MS cases and controls from Mongolia. We used linear mixed-effects regression with fixed effects (case status, sociodemographics, and predefined variables) and participant-specific random intercepts.
resultsOf 62 participants (31 pwMS, 31 controls), pwMS had lower summer [median 23.00 ng/ml (interquartile range 11.30-31.50) vs. 25.00 ng/ml (19.25-32.00)] and winter vitamin D levels [21.00 ng/ml (10.60-27.60) vs. 23.50 ng/ml (15.55-28.60)], with a smaller seasonal decline. Vitamin D deficiency was more prevalent in pwMS. None of these findings reached statistical significance. Winter season and being breastfed as a child were associated with significantly lower vitamin D levels.
conclusionVitamin D deficiency was common among pwMS, which could be influenced by behavioural factors. These findings may inform more targeted recommendations for pwMS to maintain sufficient vitamin D levels.
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