ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2025
Antiviral Mx proteins have an ancient origin and widespread distribution among eukaryotes.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Review
- Application of antimicrobial peptides expressed by Tetraselmis subcordiformis (Wille) butcher improves the health of turbot via oral administration.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2026Article
- Article
- Genetic comparisons of interleukin-17 reveal a framework for complex signaling evolution.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Binding of Bacillus subtilis dynamin-like protein DynA to the bacterial membrane is essential for effective phage defense.The FEBS journal · 2026Article
- Review
- Article
- Review
- Usurpativirus massiliensis, a new giant virus related to clandestinovirus.Virology journal · 2025Article
- Heterozygous and generalist MxA super-restrictors overcome breadth-specificity trade-offs in antiviral restriction.Science advances · 2025Article
- Virus-host interaction mechanisms in interferon therapy for hepatitis B virus infection: recent advances.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
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5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Mx proteins, first identified in mammals, encode potent antiviral activity against a wide range of viruses. Mx proteins arose within the Dynamin superfamily of proteins (DSP), which mediate critical cellular processes, such as endocytosis and mitochondrial, plastid, and peroxisomal dynamics. Despite their crucial role, the evolutionary origins of Mx proteins are poorly understood. Through comprehensive phylogenomic analyses with progressively expanded taxonomic sampling, we demonstrate that Mx proteins predate the interferon signaling system in vertebrates. Our analyses find an ancient monophyletic DSP lineage in eukaryotes that groups vertebrate and invertebrate Mx proteins with fungal MxF proteins, the largely uncharacterized plant and algal Dynamin 4A/4C proteins, and representatives from several other eukaryotic lineages, suggesting that Mx-like proteins date back close to the origin of Eukarya. Our phylogenetic analyses also find host-encoded and nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses-encoded DSPs interspersed in four distinct DSP lineages, indicating recurrent viral theft of host DSPs. Our analyses thus reveal an ancient history of viral and antiviral functions encoded by the Dynamin superfamily in eukaryotes.
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