ArticleACR open rheumatology2025
Prevalence of Autoimmune Diseases in Patients Treated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: An Epidemiological Study Using A Global Network of Health Care Organizations.
Article in ACR open rheumatology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Emerging strategies in senotherapeutics: from broad-spectrum senolysis to precision reprogramming.npj aging · 2026Review
- Microgravity activates monocyte ERK1/2 signaling and modulates the response to lipopolysaccharide.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Article
- Immune Checkpoint Dysregulation in Autoimmune Disorders: A Narrative Review of Therapeutic Implications.Cureus · 2025Review
- A multi-omics features-based approach integrating immunogenicity and inflammation enhances immunotherapy benefit in clear cell renal cell carcinoma.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveEvaluate prevalence of new onset autoimmune conditions (ACs) after commencement of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs).
methodsThis retrospective observational study was done using TriNetX. Patients with neoplasm for which ICIs were approved were stratified into two groups based on ICI use. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models and Kaplan Meier method were used to assess risk of developing ACs among the groups. Subgroup analysis was done to evaluate risk of ACs in patients receiving cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 inhibitor (CTLA4i) versus program cell death protein 1 inhibitor (PD1i) and program death ligand 1 inhibitor (PDL1i) inhibitors and combination treatment (CT) (CTLA4 + PD1i/PDL1i) versus PD1i/PDL1i.
resultsPatients who received ICIs (2.03% of total population) were younger (68.7 ± 12.6 vs 71.8 ± 13.9; P < 0.001), predominantly male (54% vs 41%; P < 0.0001), and White (68% vs 58%; P < 0.0001), had lower odds of developing systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (0.366% vs 0.437%, odds ratio [OR] 0.837; P = 0.0005) and systemic sclerosis (0.108% vs 0.135%, OR 0.796; P = 0.0151), and had higher odds of developing rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (2.194% vs 1.752%, OR 1.258; P < 0.0001 with hazard ratio 1.746; P < 0.0001). There was no significant difference in developing vasculitis, dermatopolymyositis, and psoriatic arthritis when compared to patients who did not receive ICIs. The prevalence of ACs remained true after propensity score matching, except that there was no difference compared with the prevalence of SLE (0.37% [n = 391] vs 0.393% n = 415], OR 0.942 [0.82-1.082]; P = 0.3970).
conclusionPatients receiving ICIs have an increased risk of developing ACs, especially RA. There needs to be a high index of suspicion and awareness about ACs for prescribers of ICIs.
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Registered trials
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