ArticleVaccines2025
T4 Phage Displaying Dual Antigen Clusters Against H3N2 Influenza Virus Infection.
Article in Vaccines, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Nanoparticles in influenza research: a bibliometric analysis of global trends (2005 - 2025).Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Engineered nanovaccines for prophylactic and therapeutic immunotherapy against cancer and infectious disease.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- From Cloning Vectors to Phage Display: Engineering Principles and Translational Applications of Bacteriophage Display Platforms.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Immune Protection Effect of an OmpC-Recombinant T4 Bacteriophage Vaccine Against Infection Caused by Extraintestinal PathogenicVaccines · 2026Article
- Hemagglutinin-displaying influenza nanovaccines: progress and promise.Nanomedicine (London, England) · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe current H3N2 influenza subunit vaccine exhibits weak immunogenicity, which limits its effectiveness in preventing and controlling influenza virus infections.
methodsIn this study, we aimed to develop a T4 phage-based nanovaccine designed to enhance the immunogenicity of two antigens by displaying the HA1 and M2e antigens of the H3N2 influenza virus on each phage nanoparticle. Specifically, we fused the Soc protein with the HA1 antigen and the Hoc protein with the M2e antigen, assembling them onto a T4 phage that lacks Soc and Hoc proteins (Soc
resultsThe analysis of the optical density of the target protein bands indicated that each particle could display approximately 179 HA1 and 68 M2e antigen molecules. Additionally, animal experiments demonstrated that this nanoparticle vaccine displaying dual antigen clusters induced a stronger specific immune response, higher antibody titers, a more balanced Th1/Th2 immune response, and enhanced CD4
conclusionsIn summary, our findings indicate that particles based on a T4 phage displaying antigen clusters exhibit ideal immunogenicity and protective effects, providing a promising strategy for the development of subunit vaccines against various viruses beyond influenza.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.