ArticleVaccines2024
Enhanced Immunogenicity of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus-like Particles Using a Water-in-Oil-in-Water Adjuvant.
Article in Vaccines, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Review
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus-like Particles Produced inVeterinary sciences · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundFoot-and-mouth disease (FMD) causes significant economic losses, prompting vaccination as a primary control strategy. Virus-like particles (VLPs) have emerged as promising candidates for FMD vaccines but require adjuvants to enhance their immunogenicity. In this study, we evaluated the immunogenicity of a VLP-based vaccine with a water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsion adjuvant, named WT.
methodsThe WT adjuvant was mixed with FMD VLPs to form the VLPs+WT vaccine. The size and stability of the vaccine were analyzed. BALB/c mice were immunized with the VLPs+WT vaccine, and immunological responses were assessed through antibody measurements, cytokine profiling, and gene expression analysis. In addition, splenic lymphocyte proliferation and signaling pathways were examined.
resultsThe VLPs+WT vaccine exhibited a homogeneous size of 324.60 ± 2.30 nm and a viscosity of 8.76 mPa·s, indicating good stability. Immunized mice showed steady weight gain and no organ abnormalities. Compared to the VLPs group, the VLPs+WT group induced significantly higher levels of specific antibodies that persisted for 12 weeks, similar to the commercial VLPs+ISA201 vaccine. The VLPs+WT vaccine also enhanced the secretion of Th1-related (IgG2a, IFN-γ) and Th2-related (IgG1, IL-4) molecules. WT stimulated splenic lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation, primarily activating B-cell receptor signaling and phagosome pathways. It also upregulated genes associated with MHC and interferon stimulation while promoting the expression of MyD88, PI3K, AKT, p65, and p-p65 proteins.
conclusionsThese findings suggest that WT is an effective adjuvant for FMD VLP-based vaccines, with potential for improving vaccine efficacy.
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Registered trials
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