ArticleVaccines2024
Evaluation of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness from 2021 to 2024: A Guangdong-Based Test-Negative Case-Control Study.
Article in Vaccines, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Influenza vaccine protection and contact patterns among outpatients with influenza-like illness during the 2024-2025 season in China: a test-negative case-control study.Journal of global health · 2026Article
- Article
- Intraseasonal waning of influenza vaccine effectiveness and implications for the optimal timing of seasonal vaccination programs: A scoping review.Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada · 2026Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe influenza virus's high mutation rate requires the annual reformulation and administration of the vaccine. Therefore, its vaccine effectiveness (VE) must be evaluated annually.
aimEstimate the effectiveness of the influenza vaccine and analyze the impact of age, seasonal variations, and the vaccination to sample collection interval on VE.
methodsThe study used a test-negative case-control (TNCC) design to collect data from patients under 18 years of age who presented with acute respiratory infection (ARI) symptoms and underwent influenza virus testing at a national children's regional medical center in Guangdong Province between October 2021 and January 2024, spanning three influenza seasons. VE was estimated using unconditional logistic regression.
resultsA total of 27,670 patient data entries were analyzed. The VE against all influenza viruses across the three seasons was 37% (95% CI: 31-43), with the lowest VE of 24% (95% CI: 8-37) observed in the 2021-2022 season. In children aged 0.5 to <3 years, the VE was 32% (95% CI: 19-43). The effectiveness for samples collected at intervals of 0.5-2 months, 3-6 months, and over 6 months after vaccination was 39% (95% CI: 32-46), 30% (95% CI: 19-40), and 28% (95% CI: 5-46).
conclusionsAcross three influenza seasons, at least one-third of vaccinated individuals were protected from influenza in outpatient settings. Given that children are at high risk, improving vaccination management is recommended, and parents should be encouraged to vaccinate their children before each influenza season.
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Registered trials
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