ArticleSports (Basel, Switzerland)2025
Effects of Hook Maneuver on Oxygen Saturation Recovery After -40 m Apnea Dive-A Randomized Crossover Trial.
Article in Sports (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Cumulative oxidative and inflammatory responses to repeated depth training in breath-hold divers: a multiparametric field study.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Article
- A century of anti-G straining maneuvers. Are there further changes in AGSM physical training that can improve +Gz tolerance? A scoping review.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
To reduce the risk of syncope, trained breath-hold divers (BHDs) use a specialized breathing technique after surfacing called "hook breathing" (HB). It consists of a full inspiration followed by a Valsalva-like maneuver and with subsequent exhalation performed against resistance to generate continuous positive airway pressure during exhalation. This study analyzed the influence of HB on oxygen saturation recovery after a -40 m depth apnea dive in trained BHDs. Thirteen BHDs performed two dives to -40 m at different days, one followed by HB after a dive and the other using usual breathing (UB). To detect signs of lung edema, ultrasound B-line measurements were conducted before, 10 min after the dive, and within 1 h after the dive. To detect oxygen saturation recovery, pulse oximetry was recorded before and immediately after surfacing. Both groups exhibited significant increases in SpO
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