Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39849627›Full record

ArticleBiomarker research2025

Global, regional, and national burden of heart failure and its underlying causes, 1990-2021: results from the global burden of disease study 2021.

Jun Ran, Ping Zhou, Jinxi Wang, Xuemei Zhao, Yan Huang, Qiong Zhou, Mei Zhai, Yuhui Zhang

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Biomarker research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 85 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
85citing papers in PubMed, 7 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

85 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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  13. Stage D heart failure in the United States: A study from a national database.American heart journal plus : cardiology research and practice · 2026
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25 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Jun RanState Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Heart Failure Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
Ping ZhouState Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Heart Failure Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
Jinxi WangState Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Heart Failure Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
Xuemei ZhaoState Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Heart Failure Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
Yan HuangState Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Heart Failure Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
Qiong ZhouState Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Heart Failure Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
Mei ZhaiState Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Heart Failure Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
Yuhui ZhangState Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Heart Failure Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. yuhuizhangjoy@163.com.

Funding

Beijing Natural Science Foundation,China 7222143National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding, China 2022-GSP-GG-9
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundHeart failure (HF) remains a significant public health challenge globally. This study aims to systematically analyze the global HF disease burden from 1990 to 2021 across temporal, spatial, and demographic dimensions to provide evidence for targeted prevention and control strategies.

methodsUsing data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study, we analyzed the global HF burden through prevalent cases, years lived with disability (YLDs), and age-standardized rates per 100,000 population. Temporal trends were evaluated using estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) and joinpoint regression analysis. The relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and disease burden was explored through Pearson correlation analysis, while attribution analysis identified the main causes of HF. When appropriate, analyses were stratified by 5 SDI regions, 21 GBD regions, 204 countries and territories, 20 age groups, and both sexes.

resultsGlobal HF prevalence and YLDs burden showed substantial increases from 1990 to 2021, with age-standardized prevalence increasing from 641.14 to 676.68 per 100,000 population. Notably, high-SDI regions exhibited a declining burden since 2019, indicating a potential global turning point. High-income North America bears the heaviest burden while South Asia shows the fastest growth rate. The correlation between disease burden and SDI level was negligible. The disease burden in males consistently exceeded that in females, with prevalence and YLDs rates rising sharply after age 60. The main causes and their attributable proportions were: ischemic heart disease (34.53%), hypertensive heart disease (22.53%), other cardiomyopathies (7.61%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (6.51%), and congenital heart anomalies (5.69%), with their distribution patterns differing across age groups and regions.

conclusionGlobal burden of HF increased significantly over recent decades, with a potential turning point in 2019 and marked regional disparities. It is essential to prioritize regions with heavy burdens or rapid growth rates, strengthen the management of major causes, and monitor HF burden trends in the post-COVID era.

Indexed as

EpidemiologyGlobal burden of diseaseHeart failurePrevalenceSocio-demographic IndexYears lived with disability

Identifiers

PMID39849627
PMCPMC11755835

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.