Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39849554›Full record

ArticleJournal of nanobiotechnology2025

Folic acid-modified ginger-derived extracellular vesicles for targeted treatment of rheumatoid arthritis by remodeling immune microenvironment via the PI3K-AKT pathway.

Ruina Han, Dongyang Zhou, Ning Ji, Zhifeng Yin, Jian Wang, Qin Zhang, Hao Zhang, Jinlong Liu, Xinru Liu, Han Liu and 2 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of nanobiotechnology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
47citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

47 citing papers in PubMed.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Ruina Han *Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
Dongyang Zhou *Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
Ning Ji *Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
Zhifeng Yin *Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Zhongye Hospital, Shanghai, 200941, China.
Jian WangInstitute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
Qin ZhangInstitute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
Hao ZhangInstitute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
Jinlong LiuInstitute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
Xinru LiuInstitute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China. liuxinru@hotmail.co.uk.
Han LiuInstitute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China. liuhanqiu@shu.edu.cn.
Qinglin HanDepartment of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu, 226001, China. 1975hanql@163.com.
Jiacan SuInstitute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China. drsujiacan@163.com.

Funding

Foundation of National Centre for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch SUTIM-202303Integrated Project of Major Research Plan of National Natural Science Foundation of China 92249303Jiangsu Natural Science Foundation Project BK20231218National Natural Science Foundation of China 82230071Shanghai Committee of Science and Technology Laboratory Animal Research Project 23141900600
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a form of autoimmune inflammation, is marked by enduring synovial inflammation and the subsequent impairment of joint function. Despite the availability of conventional treatments, they are often marred by significant side effects and the associated high costs. Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PEVs) offer a compelling alternative, owing to their abundant availability, affordability, low immunogenicity, high biocompatibility, and feasibility for large-scale production. These vesicles enhance intercellular communication by transferring intrinsic bioactive molecules. In our research, we delve into the capacity of PEVs to treat RA, highlighting the role of ginger-derived extracellular vesicles (GDEVs). By conjugating GDEVs with folic acid (FA), we have developed FA-GDEVs that maintain their inherent immunomodulatory properties. FA-GDEVs are designed to selectively target M1 macrophages in inflamed joints via the folate receptors (FRs). Our in vitro findings indicate that FA-GDEVs promote the polarization towards a reparative M2 macrophage phenotype by modulating the PI3K-AKT pathway. Further corroboration comes from in vivo studies, which demonstrate that FA-GDEVs not only concentrate efficiently in the affected joints but also markedly reduce the manifestations of RA. Synthesizing these findings, it is evident that FA-GDEVs emerge as a hopeful candidate for RA treatment, offering benefits such as safety, affordability, and therapeutic efficacy.

Indexed as

Arthritis, RheumatoidExtracellular VesiclesFolic AcidPhosphatidylinositol 3-KinasesProto-Oncogene Proteins c-aktZingiber officinaleAnimalsHumansMacrophagesMiceRAW 264.7 CellsSignal TransductionFolic AcidPhosphatidylinositol 3-KinasesProto-Oncogene Proteins c-aktFolate receptor targetingImmune microenvironmentPI3K-AKT pathwayPlant-derived extracellular vesiclesRheumatoid arthritis

Identifiers

PMID39849554
PMCPMC11756199

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.