ReviewPLoS pathogens2025
Malaria: Factors affecting disease severity, immune evasion mechanisms, and reversal of immune inhibition to enhance vaccine efficacy.
Review in PLoS pathogens, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed.
- Malaria Incidence, Growth, and their Relationship among a Cohort of Malawian Children.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2026Article
- Malaria and cancer: common features and interactions.Trends in parasitology · 2026Review
- Plasmodium falciparum subverts neutrophil function via host miR-451a loaded extracellular vesicles driving bacterial and fungal superinfection susceptibility.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Antibody Responses to the ConservedPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Interaction ofiScience · 2026Article
- Plasmodium yoelii tryptophan-rich antigen 7 mediates infected erythrocyte adhesion to splenic fibroblasts via binding to vimentin.Parasites, hosts and diseases · 2026Article
- Hepatorenal protective role of encapsulatedJournal of advanced veterinary and animal research · 2026Article
- Immune Modulation by Plasmodium yoelii: Insights From Lethal and Non-Lethal Strains.Parasite immunology · 2026Review
- Genotype Complexity Modulates Antimalarial Susceptibility in vitro.Infection and drug resistance · 2026Article
- EP9158H: An Immunoinformatics-Designed mRNA Vaccine Encoding Multi-Epitope Antigens and Dual TLR Agonists for Tuberculosis Prevention.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Applications of virus-like particles in the prevention of protozoan parasite infection.Nanomedicine (London, England) · 2025Review
- Characterization and microRNA quantification of plasma-derived extracellular vesicles in patients withParasitology · 2025Article
- Congenital infection with Plasmodium malariae: a rare case of intrauterine transmission in Germany.Malaria journal · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Malaria is a complex parasitic disease caused by species of Plasmodium parasites. Infection with the parasites can lead to a spectrum of symptoms and disease severity, influenced by various parasite, host, and environmental factors. There have been some successes in developing vaccines against the disease recently, but the vaccine efficacies require improvement. Some issues associated with the difficulties in developing a sterile vaccine include high antigenic diversity, switching expression of the immune targets, and inhibition of immune pathways. Current vaccine research focuses on identifying conserved and protective epitopes, developing multivalent vaccines (including the whole parasite), and using more powerful adjuvants. However, overcoming the systematic immune inhibition and immune cell dysfunction/exhaustion may be required before high titers of protective antibodies can be achieved. Increased expression of surface molecules such as CD86 and MHC II on antigen-presenting cells and blocking immune checkpoint pathways (interactions of PD-1 and PD-L1; CTLA-4 and CD80) using small molecules could be a promising approach for enhancing vaccine efficacy. This assay reviews the factors affecting the disease severity, the genetics of host-parasite interaction, immune evasion mechanisms, and approaches potentially to improve host immune response for vaccine development.
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