ArticleJournal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)2025
Updates to HIV Transmission Rate Estimates Along the HIV Care Continuum in the United States, 2019.
Article in Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Ending the HIV Epidemic in the United States Among Men Who Have Sex With Men: A Modeling Analysis.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Modeling the Public Health Impact of Improved Antiretroviral Therapy Restart Patterns Among People with HIV Who Have Discontinued Treatment.Journal of health economics and outcomes research · 2026Article
- Frequent Missed Opportunities for Earlier HIV Diagnosis in a Routine Opt-out Testing Environment in Atlanta.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Optimizing HIV Partner Services for Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex With Men Previously Diagnosed With HIV: A Modeling Study.Sexually transmitted diseases · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIn 2019, there were an estimated 1.2 million persons with HIV (PWH) and 35,100 new infections in the United States. The HIV care continuum has a large influence on transmission dynamics.
methodsWe updated Progression and Transmission of HIV 3.0, an agent-based simulation model, to estimate 2019 HIV transmission rates and distribution of transmissions by the HIV care continuum, race/ethnicity, transmission group, and age group.
resultsIn 2019, the estimated transmission rate in the United States was 2.94 new infections per 100 person-years ( inf/100p-y) . Transmission rates decreased along the HIV care continuum; the highest transmission rate was associated with persons with acute HIV infection and unaware of their HIV status at 16.35 inf/100p-y , followed by PWH (nonacute) and unaware of their HIV status (9.52), persons aware of their HIV status and not in care (5.96), persons receiving HIV care (on antiretroviral therapy) but not virally suppressed (4.53), and persons virally suppressed (0). The highest transmission rate by transmission group was among men who have sex with men at 3.68 inf/100p-y . Transmission rates decreased as age increased and are similar by race/ethnicity, after accounting for the HIV care continuum.
conclusionsOur results support a continued emphasis on helping PWH move along the care continuum through early diagnosis, linkage to care, and adherence to ART, resulting in viral suppression to reduce HIV transmissions. Furthermore, efforts should focus on reducing disparities in the provision of HIV prevention and care services, particularly for populations disproportionally affected by HIV.
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