Observational studyAnnals of medicine2025
Global burden and trends of the
Observational study in Annals of medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed.
- Distinct T and innate-like lymphocyte reprogramming following lyophilized fecal microbiota transplantation in recurrentGut microbes · 2026Article
- The prevalence and molecular epidemiology ofEmerging microbes & infections · 2026Observational
- Acquisition of a gene cluster inmSphere · 2026Article
- Influence of COVID-19 on Clinical Outcomes ofAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Effects of sexual dimorphism and estrous cycle on murineInfection and immunity · 2026Article
- Multi-strain Clostridioides difficile infection: Increased detection and clinical implications.The Journal of infection · 2026Article
- A longitudinal analysis of Clostridioides difficile virulence profiles across three geographic regions in Israel (2020-2022).Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials · 2026Article
- High thermal resistance and inactivation behaviour of Clostridioides difficile spores in milk.Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology] · 2026Article
- Global, regional, and national burden of Clostridioides difficile infection (1990-2021) with projections to 2051: A multimodal analysis integrating machine learning (SHAP-XGBoost) and GBD 2021 data.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2026Article
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae 48338 Suppresses Antibiotic-Induced Clostridioides difficile Infection in a Murine Model.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Article
- Clinical Guidance and Practical Recommendations for Probiotic Use in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Functional Constipation, andJournal of neurogastroenterology and motility · 2026Review
- Clinical guidance and practical recommendations for probiotic use in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, functional constipation, and Clostridioides difficile infection considering sex-based differences: a Korean translation.Ewha medical journal · 2026Article
- Article
- Regarding 'Global burden and trends of the Clostridioides difficile infection-associated diseases from 1990 to 2021: an observational trend study'.Annals of medicine · 2025Article
- Regarding: 'Incidence, mortality, and DALYs of global pharyngeal cancer: systematic analysis and projections based on global burden of disease study 2021'.Annals of medicine · 2025Article
- Investigating the relationship between Helicobacter pylori and intestinal Clostridioides difficile infection: evidence from a cross-sectional study.BMC gastroenterology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThis study was aimed to explore the global burden and trends of Clostridioides difficile infections (CDI) associated diseases.
methodsData for this study were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The burden of CDI was assessed using the age-standardized rates of disability-adjusted life years (ASR-DALYs) and deaths (ASDRs). Trends in the burden of CDI were presented using average annual percentage changes (AAPCs).
resultsThe ASR-DALYs for CDI increased from 1.83 (95% UI: 1.53-2.18) per 100,000 in 1990 to 3.46 (95% UI: 3.04-3.96) per 100,000 in 2021, with an AAPC of 2.03% (95% CI: 1.67-2.4%). The ASDRs for CDI rose from 0.10 (95% UI: 0.08-0.11) per 100,000 in 1990 to 0.19 (95% UI: 0.16-0.23) per 100,000 in 2021, with an AAPC of 2.26% (95% CI: 1.74-2.79%). In 2021, higher burdens of ASR-DALYs (10.7 per 100,000) and ASDRs (0.53 per 100,000) were observed in high socio-demographic index (SDI) areas, and among age group over 70 years (31.62/100,000 for ASR-DALYs and 2.45/100,000 for ASDRs). During the COVID-19 pandemic, the global ASR-DALYs and ASDRs slightly decreased. However, in regions with low SDI, low-middle and middle SDI, those rates slightly increased.
conclusionThe global burden of CDI has significantly increased, particularly in regions with high SDI and among individuals aged 70 years and above. During the COVID-19 pandemic period from 2020 to 2021, the burden of CDI further increased in regions with low, low-middle, and middle SDI. These findings underscore the need for increased attention and intervention, especially in specific countries and populations.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.