Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39846691›Full record

ArticleMethods and protocols2025

Fluorescence Analysis of Quinine in Commercial Tonic Waters.

Artturi Harcher, Connor Ricard, Danielle Connolly, Isabel Gibbs, Jarve Shaw, Jillian Butler, Julia Perschbacher, Lindsay Replogle, Michaela Eide, Morgan Grissom and 6 more

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In one paragraph

Article in Methods and protocols, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

16 authors.

Artturi HarcherDepartment of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
Connor RicardDepartment of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
Danielle ConnollyDepartment of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
Isabel GibbsDepartment of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
Jarve ShawDepartment of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
Jillian ButlerDepartment of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
Julia PerschbacherDepartment of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
Lindsay ReplogleDepartment of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
Michaela EideDepartment of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
Morgan GrissomDepartment of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
Oliver O'NealDepartment of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
Quan NguyenDepartment of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
Van Hac NguyenDepartment of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
Michael HunnicuttDepartment of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
Roaa MahmoudDepartment of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2264-3715
Soma DhakalDepartment of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-3734-139X

Funding

Virginia Commonwealth University Not applicable
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Quinine is known for treating malaria, muscle cramps, and, more recently, has been used as an additive in tonic water due to its bitter taste. However, it was shown that excessive consumption of quinine can have severe side effects on health. In this work, we utilized fluorescence spectroscopy to measure the concentration of quinine in commercial tonic water samples. An external standard method was used to calculate the concentrations of quinine in two commercially available tonic water brands, namely Canada Dry and Schweppes, and compare them to the maximum allowable concentration of quinine in beverages. Upon analysis of the data collected by five different groups, the levels of quinine were found to be above the average concentration in most commercial tonic water samples, but below the maximum permitted concentration. Moreover, the five replicate sets of data demonstrated high reproducibility of the method employed in this study. The simple yet instructive protocol that we developed can be adapted to determine the concentration of other fluorescent compounds in foods and beverages. Further, the presented method and detailed protocol can be easily adopted for undergraduate labs and in chemical education.

Indexed as

detectionfluorescence spectroscopyfood and drug chemistryquantitative analysisquinine

Identifiers

PMID39846691
PMCPMC11755655

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.