ReviewNeuroSci2025
Sex Influence on Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation and Breath-Hold Diving Performance: Examination of the Autonomic Regulation of Cardiovascular Responses to Facial Cooling and Apnoea Across Sex and Varied Factors.
Review in NeuroSci, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Associations between extreme temperatures and hospitalizations among Chinese cancer patients with atrial fibrillation: a case-crossover study.Cardio-oncology (London, England) · 2026Article
- Correlation Analysis of 24-h Minimum Heart Rate Levels and Deceleration Capacity of Heart Rate in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Complicated With Essential Hypertension.Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc · 2026Article
- Advances in breath-hold diving research: a state-of-the-art review.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This review emphasises the importance of the cardiovascular response to facial cooling (FC) and breath holding in both sexes. The trigemino-cardiac reflex, triggered by FC, reduces heart rate (HR) and constricts blood vessels. When combined with breath holding, this effect intensifies, enhancing the cardiodepressive impact. The cardiovascular reaction to this combination, known as the cold-water face immersion or simulated diving test, varies among individuals and depends on their cardiovascular regulatory profiles, which differ between men and women. Despite extensive research on the cardiovascular response to FC and apnoea, most studies did not categorise participants by sex, leading to a limited understanding of how it influences trigeminal nerve stimulation (TGS) and breath-hold diving (BHD). Despite attempts to address this, the existing findings remain inconsistent due to intra- and inter-individual variability. Key factors influencing the diving response include the influence of the parasympathetic system on HR, vascular sympathetic activity affecting total peripheral resistance (TPR), sensitivity to CO
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Registered trials
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