ArticleFrontiers in neurology2024
Is the freezing index a valid outcome to assess freezing of gait during turning in Parkinson's disease?
Article in Frontiers in neurology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The Usefulness of Wearable Sensors for Detecting Freezing of Gait in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Pooled it
- Deep learning for freezing of gait assessment using inertial measurement units: a multicentre validation study.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2026Article
- Freezing of Gait in Parkinson's Disease: A Heterogeneous Phenomenon Across Assessment Tools.The European journal of neuroscience · 2026Article
- An updated definition of freezing of gait.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2026Review
- Subtype of the Freezing of Gait and Motor Function in Patients with Parkinson's Disease.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2026Article
- Toward a unified gait freeze index: a standardized benchmark for clinical and regulatory evaluations.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
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10 authors.
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Abstract
Introduction: Freezing of gait (FOG) is a disabling symptom for people with Parkinson's disease (PwPD). Turning on the spot for one minute in alternating directions (360 turn) while performing a cognitive dual-task (DT) is a fast and sensitive way to provoke FOG. The FOG-index is a widely used wearable sensor-based algorithm to quantify FOG severity during turning. Despite that, the FOG-index's classification performance and criterion validity is not tested against the gold standard (i.e., video-rated time spent freezing). Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the FOG-index's classification performance and criterion validity to assess FOG severity during 360 turn. Additionally, we investigated the FOG-index's optimal cutoff values to differentiate between PwPD with and without FOG. Methods: 164 PwPD self-reported the presence of FOG on the New Freezing of Gait Questionnaire (NFOGQ) and performed the DT 360 turn in the ON medication state while being videoed and wearing five wearable sensors. Two independent clinical experts rated FOG on video. ROC-AUC values assessed the FOG-index's classification accuracy against self-reported FOG and expert ratings. Spearman-rho was used to evaluate the correlation between expert and FOG-index ratings of FOG severity. Results: Twenty-eight patients self-reported FOG, while 104 were classified as a freezer by the experts. The FOG-index had limited classification agreement with the NFOGQ (AUC = 0.60, Conclusion: A surprisingly large discrepancy was found between self-reported and expert-rated FOG during the 360 turning task, indicating PwPD do not always notice FOG in daily life. The FOG-index achieved suboptimal classification performance and poor criterion validity to assess FOG severity. Regardless, 360 turning proved a sensitive task to elicit FOG. Further development of the FOG-index is warranted, and long-term follow-up studies are needed to assess the predictive value of the 360 turning task for classifying FOG conversion.
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