Observational studyAlzheimer's research & therapy2025
Exploring sex differences in Alzheimer's disease: a comprehensive analysis of a large patient cohort from a memory unit.
Observational study in Alzheimer's research & therapy, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Elevated temporal tau PET predicts faster cognitive decline in women than men: A meta-analysis.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Pooled it
- Global and Medial Temporal MRI Morphometry in Alzheimer's Disease and Cognitively Normal Adults: A Retrospective Association Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Associations of Iron Indicators with Cognitive Impairment Risk in Postmenopausal Women: Evidence from a Matched Case-Control Study and Back Propagation Neural Network Model.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- Early identification of vascular cognitive impairment from a multimodal perspective: a combined diagnosis from targeted cognitive assessments, imaging biomarkers, and molecular fluid biomarkers to ecological behavioral characteristics.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Review
- Exploring the Expression Changes of Immune Genes in Alzheimer's Disease: A Study on ANXA1, VCAM1, and CCL2.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- Epidemiology of unspecified degenerative nervous system disorders: mortality trends via CDC WONDER (1999-2025).BMC neurology · 2026Article
- FSH Signaling in Osteoporosis and Alzheimer's Disease.Current osteoporosis reports · 2026Review
- Genetic risk in Alzheimer's disease.NPJ systems biology and applications · 2026Review
- Review
- Early-life cognitive intervention preserves brain function in aged TgF344-AD rats with sex-specific effects.iScience · 2026Article
- A Novel PROTAC Confers a Dual Benefit Against Amyloid and Tau Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease via DAPK1 Degradation.International journal of biological sciences · 2026Article
- Sex differences in efficacy/safety of anti-amyloid-beta monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.Translational and clinical pharmacology · 2025Review
- A new quantum-inspired pattern based on Goldner-Harary graph for automated alzheimer's disease detection.Cognitive neurodynamics · 2025Article
- A peripheral proteomic signature of Alzheimer's disease is identified in the plasma extracellular vesicles of mild cognitive impairment patients from a memory clinic: the BIOPEXAL study.Research square · 2025Article
- Article
- Beyond Neuroinflammation: Microglia at the Crossroads of Amyloid, Tau, and Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's Disease.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Review
- Gender Differences in the Effects of Exercise Interventions on Alzheimer's Disease.Brain sciences · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
22 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAlzheimer's disease (AD) stands as the leading cause of dementia worldwide, and projections estimate over 150 million patients by 2050. AD prevalence is notably higher in women, nearly twice that of men, with discernible sex differences in certain risk factors. To enhance our understanding of how sex influences the characteristics of AD patients and its potential impact on the disease trajectory, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of demographic, clinical, cognitive, and genetic data from a sizable and well-characterized cohort of AD dementia patients at a memory clinic in Barcelona, Spain.
methodsThe study cohort comprised individuals with probable and possible AD dementia with a Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) score between 1 and 3 diagnosed at the Memory Unit from Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Spain, between 2008 and 2018. We obtained cognitive baseline data and follow up scores for the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the CDR scale, and the neuropsychological battery used in our center (NBACE). We employed various statistical techniques to assess the impact of sex on cognitive evolution in these dementia patients, accounting for other sex-related risk factors identified through Machine Learning methods.
resultsThe study cohort comprised a total of 6108 individuals diagnosed with AD dementia during the study period (28.4% males and 71.6% females). MMSE scores exhibited an average decline of approximately two units per year, unaffected by sex. Similarly, the decline in most neuropsychological functions assessed by NBACE did not exhibit significant differences between males and females. However, we observed that women diagnosed with mild AD dementia progressed more rapidly based on their CDR score (HR = 2.57, 95%CI:2.33-2.84) than men (HR = 2.03, 95%CI: 1.71-2.41) (p-interaction = 0.01).
conclusionsOur findings do not strongly support the notion that sex significantly modifies the clinical progression of AD dementia based on cognitive data. Further research is essential to validate whether women with mild AD dementia indeed progress more rapidly than men at a similar stage and to delve into the potential underlying reasons for this finding.
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