Unveiling the critical roles of cellular metabolism suppression in antibiotic tolerance.

Metabolic inhibitors are known to exhibit complex interactions with antibiotics in bacteria, potentially acting as antagonists by inducing cell dormancy and promoting cell survival. However, the specific synergistic or antagonistic effects of these inhibitors depend on factors like their mechanisms of action, concentrations, and treatment timings, which require further investigation. In our study, we systematically explored the synergistic interactions of various metabolic inhibitors-such as chloramphenicol (a translation inhibitor), rifampicin (a transcription inhibitor), arsenate (an ATP production inhibitor), and thioridazine (a PMF inhibitor)-in combination with ofloxacin. We conducted this investigation under pre-, co-, and post-treatment conditions, employing a wide concentration range and utilizing four distinct synergy models. Chloramphenicol, rifampicin, and arsenate consistently showed minimal synergy scores, indicating a notable antagonistic relationship with ofloxacin across all models and conditions. In contrast, thioridazine consistently demonstrated elevated synergy scores, especially in pre- and co-treatment scenarios, albeit its synergy decreased during post-treatment conditions. When multivariable linear regression analyses were used for all drugs and conditions examined, a correlation between the synergy of thioridazine and its ability to suppress cellular energy metabolism became evident, underscoring the potential utility of certain metabolic inhibitors as effective anti-persistence adjuvants.