ArticleScientific reports2025
Ex vivo detection of recreational consumed nitrous oxide in exhaled breath.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Advances and Challenges in Wearable Sensors for Health Monitoring.ACS applied materials & interfaces · 2026Review
- Concentration and Detection Time of Nitrous Oxide in Blood Following Controlled Inhalation.Drug testing and analysis · 2026Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The increasing use of recreational nitrous oxide ([Formula: see text]O) in the Netherlands and its link to traffic accidents highlights the need for reliable detection methods for law enforcement. This study focused on ex vivo detection of [Formula: see text]O in exhaled breath and examining its persistence in the human body. Firstly, a low-cost portable infrared based detector was selected and validated to detect [Formula: see text]O in air. Then, the influence of interferents and conditions potentially influencing the analysis were evaluated including relative humidity, ethanol, acetaldehyde and [Formula: see text]. Subsequently, [Formula: see text]O breathing dynamics were evaluated in vitro and ex vivo. Initially, a lung simulator was used to model respiratory mechanics and [Formula: see text]O decay, revealing detectable [Formula: see text]O levels up to 90 min after exposure. In the final part of this study, a controlled single and double dose of [Formula: see text]O gas was administered to 24 volunteers in an operating theatre. The presence of [Formula: see text]O in exhaled breath of the volunteers was analysed using infra red spectroscopy every 12-15 min. Our results show that [Formula: see text]O was detectable in exhaled breath for a minimum of 60 min post-administration and revealed a window of detection to potentially measure [Formula: see text]O for law enforcement and forensic purposes.
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Registered trials
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