Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39841644›Full record

ArticlePloS one2025

Citrus diseases detection using innovative deep learning approach and Hybrid Meta-Heuristic.

Nouman Butt, Muhammad Munwar Iqbal, Shabana Ramzan, Ali Raza, Laith Abualigah, Norma Latif Fitriyani, Yeonghyeon Gu, Muhammad Syafrudin

Abstract read
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Article in PloS one, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
8citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

8 citing papers in PubMed.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Nouman ButtDepartment of Computer Science, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan.ORCID 0009-0004-5273-8549
Muhammad Munwar IqbalDepartment of Computer Science, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan.
Shabana RamzanDepartment of Computer Science & IT, Government Sadiq College Women University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan.
Ali RazaDepartment of Software Engineering, University Of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
Laith AbualigahComputer Science Department, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan.
Norma Latif FitriyaniDepartment of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Yeonghyeon GuDepartment of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.ORCID 0000-0002-0002-9386
Muhammad SyafrudinDepartment of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.ORCID 0000-0002-5640-4413

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Citrus farming is one of the major agricultural sectors of Pakistan and currently represents almost 30% of total fruit production, with its highest concentration in Punjab. Although economically important, citrus crops like sweet orange, grapefruit, lemon, and mandarins face various diseases like canker, scab, and black spot, which lower fruit quality and yield. Traditional manual disease diagnosis is not only slow, less accurate, and expensive but also relies heavily on expert intervention. To address these issues, this research examines the implementation of an automated disease classification system using deep learning and optimal feature selection. The system incorporates data augmentation and transfer learning with pre-trained models such as DenseNet-201 and AlexNet to improve diagnostic accuracy, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. Experimental results on a citrus leaves dataset show an impressive 99.6% classification accuracy. The proposed framework outperforms existing methods, offering a robust and scalable solution for disease detection in citrus farming, contributing to more sustainable agricultural practices.

Indexed as

CitrusDeep LearningPlant DiseasesFruitPakistanPlant Leaves

Identifiers

PMID39841644
PMCPMC11753642

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.