ArticleJAMA network open2025
Sex Differences in Long COVID.
Article in JAMA network open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 78 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
78 citing papers in PubMed.
- Trial
- Physical activity coaching programme for people with Long COVID: a pilot randomised clinical trial.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- Trend analysis and Bayesian projection of childhood life-limiting conditions in Korea: insights into incidence and mortality.BMJ paediatrics open · 2026Observational
- Sex-specific patterns of symptom burden, psychological distress, and work productivity impairment in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19: a 10-month dynamic cohort study.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2026Article
- Dynamic changes in cardiac autonomic function persist in the postacute phase after SARS-CoV-2 infection in a hamster model of COVID-19.Heart rhythm O2 · 2026Article
- Clinical Manifestations Associated with Pain in Nursing Students in Emerging Adulthood with Long COVID.Nursing reports (Pavia, Italy) · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 infection produces an IL-33-dependent chronic eosinophilic pneumonia and muco-inflammatory airways disease in Scnn1b-Tg mice.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Prevalence of Long COVID inJournal of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases · 2026Article
- Neurologic Manifestations of Long COVID Affect Adult Females More Severely Than Males.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2026Article
- Neurological impairment in long COVID: implications for neurodegenerative disease.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- The Impact of Long COVID on the Female Reproductive System: A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Long-term ocular symptoms following COVID-19 linked to immune dysregulation, dysautonomia and peripheral neuropathy.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Reshaping long COVID care through patient-reported needs.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Observational
- Translational insights into Long-COVID: evaluation of preclinical animal models along the lung-brain-immune axis with focus on Golden Syrian Hamsters.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Review
- Long COVID and Subjective Wellbeing among U.S. Working-Age Adults.Research square · 2026Article
- Prenatal Exposure to Acid-Suppressive Medications and Incident Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Children.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- "That's not my silo": Navigating fragmented long COVID care in the mid-Atlantic United States.SSM. Qualitative research in health · 2026Article
- Observational
- Symptom Trajectories and Long-Term Sequelae of COVID-19: A Matched Case-Control Study with Population-Based Controls.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Interpreting hand grip strength in hospital employees with post-COVID syndrome compared to non-infected controls: a case-control study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
18 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
61 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Importance: A substantial number of individuals worldwide experience long COVID, or post-COVID condition. Other postviral and autoimmune conditions have a female predominance, but whether the same is true for long COVID, especially within different subgroups, is uncertain. Objective: To evaluate sex differences in the risk of developing long COVID among adults with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study used data from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Researching COVID to Enhance Recovery (RECOVER)-Adult cohort, which consists of individuals enrolled in and prospectively followed up at 83 sites in 33 US states plus Washington, DC, and Puerto Rico. Data were examined from all participants enrolled between October 29, 2021, and July 5, 2024, who had a qualifying study visit 6 months or more after their initial SARS-CoV-2 infection. Exposure: Self-reported sex (male, female) assigned at birth. Main Outcomes and Measures: Development of long COVID, measured using a self-reported symptom-based questionnaire and scoring guideline at the first study visit that occurred at least 6 months after infection. Propensity score matching was used to estimate risk ratios (RRs) and risk differences (95% CIs). The full model included demographic and clinical characteristics and social determinants of health, and the reduced model included only age, race, and ethnicity. Results: Among 12 276 participants who had experienced SARS-CoV-2 infection (8969 [73%] female; mean [SD] age at infection, 46 [15] years), female sex was associated with higher risk of long COVID in the primary full (RR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.06-1.62) and reduced (RR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.17-1.77) models. This finding was observed across all age groups except 18 to 39 years (RR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.72-1.49). Female sex was associated with significantly higher overall long COVID risk when the analysis was restricted to nonpregnant participants (RR, 1.50; 95%: CI, 1.27-1.77). Among participants aged 40 to 54 years, the risk ratio was 1.42 (95% CI, 0.99-2.03) in menopausal female participants and 1.45 (95% CI, 1.15-1.83) in nonmenopausal female participants compared with male participants. Conclusions and Relevance: In this prospective cohort study of the NIH RECOVER-Adult cohort, female sex was associated with an increased risk of long COVID compared with male sex, and this association was age, pregnancy, and menopausal status dependent. These findings highlight the need to identify biological mechanisms contributing to sex specificity to facilitate risk stratification, targeted drug development, and improved management of long COVID.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.