ArticlePeerJ2025
The impact of side and top arm techniques during the backstroke breakout phase on 15-meter swimming performance.
Article in PeerJ, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Research on the swimming starts and turns in professional swimming has become increasingly refined. The breakout phase is a crucial transition from point between underwater and above-water movements. The side arm technique is commonly used during the backstroke breakout phase. However, some swimmers have also achieved good performance using the top arm technique. The impact of the two techniques during the backstroke breakout phase is yet to be explored. Purpose: To compare the velocity and key angles differences between the side arm and top arm techniques and analyze their effect on the first 15-m performance after push-off. Methods: The subjects were 16 high-level swimmers: eight males (20.4 ± 1.6 yr) and eight females (20.9 ± 1.7 yr). Of these, 14 were backstrokers or had individual medley as their primary event. The best performances in the history of the sport's level World Aquatics Points are 682.1 ± 59.0 and 729.3 ± 41.5 for males and females, respectively. A within-subject design was used to test both the side arm and top arm techniques. Four underwater cameras were used to capture two-dimensional data from two perspectives, focusing on the breakout phase. A two-way ANOVA used to compare segment velocity, angles, and 15-m performance between the two genders and breakout techniques. Pearson's correlation analysis was used to explore the relationship between segment velocity and 15-m performance, and hierarchical regression was employed to investigate the impact of breakout velocity on the 15-m performance. Results: Both male and female swimmers exhibited a significantly faster top arm velocities of (1.72 ± 0.20 and 1.47 ± 0.16 m/s, respectively) compared to the side arm velocities (1.51 ± 0.23 and 1.29 ± 0.19 m/s, respectively) during the breakout phase. Additionally, significant differences were found between the two genders ( Conclusion: The top arm technique during backstroke may offer a velocity advantage over the traditional side arm technique during the breakout phase, influencing 15-m performance. However, considering the short duration of the breakout phase, this advantage and its impact may need to be considered in conjunction with the smoothness of the transition to the subsequent phases.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.