Effects of Difficulties in Executive Functions on Behavioral and Adaptive Problems in Italian Autistic Preschoolers.

Objective: To describe the relationship between executive functions (EF) and symptom's severity, behavioral problems, and adaptive functioning in autistic preschoolers. Method: Seventy-six autistic preschoolers (age-range: 37-72 months; SD: 8.67 months) without intellectual disability were assessed. Executive functions were measured by both performance-based (Battery for Assessment of Executive Functions -BAFE-) and indirect measures (Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function - Preschool Version -BRIEF-P); adaptive skills were assessed using the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales Second Edition (VABS-II); ASD severity was evaluated through the ADOS-2 and the SCQ; the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL ½-5) questionnaire was used to describe the emotional/behavioral profile. Results: A considerable rate of autistic preschoolers showed weaknesses in one or more measures of EF, in particular in inhibition and working memory at both performance-based and parent report measures. EF measures explained a significant proportion of variance in the emotional/behavioral profile, and in the adaptive skills, particularly in the socialization domain. Specifically, the most relevant EF predictors are Inhibition, Emotional Control and Cognitive Flexibility subscales of the BRIEF-P. Conclusions: Assessment of EF in autistic preschoolers may identify those children at higher risk for emotional/behavioral problems and adaptive difficulties. EF are a crucial target for early intervention in preschoolers with autism with the potential to improve child outcomes.