Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39839549›Full record

ArticleComputational and structural biotechnology journal2025

The topography of nullomer-emerging mutations and their relevance to human disease.

Candace S Y Chan, Ioannis Mouratidis, Austin Montgomery, Georgios Christos Tsiatsianis, Nikol Chantzi, Martin Hemberg, Nadav Ahituv, Ilias Georgakopoulos-Soares

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Computational and structural biotechnology journal, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Long-Read Sequencing Reveals RNA Splicing Complexity in Human Diseases.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2026
    Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Candace S Y ChanDepartment of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Ioannis MouratidisInstitute for Personalized Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
Austin MontgomeryInstitute for Personalized Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
Georgios Christos TsiatsianisInstitute for Personalized Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
Nikol ChantziInstitute for Personalized Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
Martin HembergGene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Nadav AhituvDepartment of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Ilias Georgakopoulos-SoaresInstitute for Personalized Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.

Funding

Massively parallel characterization of variants and elements impacting transcriptional regulation in dynamic cellular systemsUM1HG011966 · NHGRI · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI Nadav Ahituv, Jay Ashok Shendure · 2021 to 2026
$9.7M
Rarely Common: Uncovering the dominant role of rare variants in the genetic architecture of complex human traits.R01GM142112 · NIGMS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI HERNANDEZ, RYAN D. · 2021 to 2024
$2.2M
Harnessing the Power of Kmers: Concepts and Methods for Genomic and Proteomic ResearchR35GM155468 · NIGMS · UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN · PI Ilias Georgakopoulos-Soares · 2024 to 2026
$1.2M
NHGRI NIH HHS UM1 HG011966NIGMS NIH HHS R01 GM142112NIGMS NIH HHS R35 GM155468
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Nullomers are short DNA sequences (11-18 base pairs) that are absent from a genome; however, they can emerge due to mutations. Here, we characterize all possible putative human nullomer-emerging single base pair mutations, population variants and disease-causing mutations. We find that the primary determinants of nullomer emergence in the human genome are the presence of CpG dinucleotides and methylated cytosines. Putative nullomer-emerging mutations are enriched at specific genomic elements, including transcription start and end sites, splice sites and transcription factor binding sites. We also observe that putative nullomer-emerging mutations are more frequent in highly conserved regions and show preferential location at nucleosomes. Among repeat elements, Alu repeats exhibit pronounced enrichment for putative nullomer-emerging mutations at specific positions. Finally, we find that disease-associated pathogenic mutations are significantly more likely to cause emergence of nullomers than their benign counterparts.

Indexed as

CpG IslandsNullomersPathogenicity

Identifiers

PMID39839549
PMCPMC11745800

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.