ReviewPediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition2025
Gastrointestinal Health and Immunity of Milk Formula Supplemented with a Prebiotic Mixture of Short-Chain Galacto-oligosaccharides and Long-Chain Fructo-Oligosaccharides (9:1) in Healthy Infants and Toddlers: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.
Review in Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Bioactive-Supplemented Infant Formulas and Early Gut-Immune-Endocrine Development: A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Current Progress and Future Directions of Enzyme Technology in Food Nutrition: A Comprehensive Review of Processing, Nutrition, and Functional Innovation.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Cereal biomass-derived xylo- and malto-oligosaccharides as next-generation prebiotics: a comprehensive review of sustainable production and translational benefits for human and animal gut microbiota.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Prebiotics are substrates selectively utilized by microorganisms to confer health benefits to their hosts. Various prebiotics have been supplemented in standard milk formulas for infants who cannot be exclusively breastfed, aiming to provide benefits similar to those of breast milk. One of the most commonly used prebiotics is a mixture of 90% short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides and 10% long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (scGOS/lcFOS [9:1]). Systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to determine the effectiveness of scGOS:lcFOS (9:1) supplementation in standard milk formula for improving gastrointestinal health and immunity among healthy infants and toddlers, using parameters such as stool pH and intestinal colonization with beneficial bacteria. This systematic review was prepared in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 guidelines. Randomized clinical trials comparing scGOS/lcFOS (9:1)-supplemented formula versus placebo- or non-supplemented formula milk were eligible for inclusion. Related studies on gastrointestinal health and immunity among healthy infants up to five years old were searched from the earliest available date until February 29, 2024. Eighteen publications (number of participants=1,675) were selected for the systematic review, of which 11 were subsequently subjected to a meta-analysis. Results showed that the standard formula supplemented with scGOS/lcFOS (9:1) was well tolerated and conferred various gastrointestinal health and immunity to healthy infants and toddlers. These findings support the supplementation of standard milk formula with scGOS/lcFOS (9:1) for healthy infants and toddlers.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.