ArticleFrontiers in nutrition2024
Associations of urinary caffeine metabolites with sex hormones: comparison of three statistical models.
Article in Frontiers in nutrition, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Association between serum vitamins and sex hormone levels in adolescent males: based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).Hormones (Athens, Greece) · 2026Article
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2 authors.
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Abstract
Aims: The association between urinary caffeine and caffeine metabolites with sex hormones remains unclear. This study used three statistical models to explore the associations between urinary caffeine and its metabolites and sex hormones among adults. Methods: We selected the participants aged ≥18 years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data 2013-2014 as our study subjects. We performed principal components analysis (PCA) to investigate the underlying correlation structure of urinary caffeine and its metabolites. Then we used these principal components (PCs) as independent variables to conduct multiple linear regression analysis to explore the associations between caffeine metabolites and sex hormones (E2, TT, SHBG). We also fitted weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression, and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) methods to further assess these relationships. Results: In the PCA-multivariable linear regression, PC2 negatively correlates with E2: Conclusion: When considering the results of these three models, the whole-body burden of caffeine metabolites, especially the caffeine metabolites in the PC2 metabolic pathway was significantly negatively associated with E2 in males. Considering the advantages and disadvantages of the three statistical models, we recommend applying diverse statistical methods and interpreting their results together.
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