Deep learning models for CT image classification: a comprehensive literature review.

Background and Objective: Computed tomography (CT) imaging plays a crucial role in the early detection and diagnosis of life-threatening diseases, particularly in respiratory illnesses and oncology. The rapid advancement of deep learning (DL) has revolutionized CT image analysis, enhancing diagnostic accuracy and efficiency. This review explores the impact of advanced DL methodologies in CT imaging, with a particular focus on their applications in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) detection and lung nodule classification. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted, examining the evolution of DL architectures in medical imaging from conventional convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to sophisticated foundational models (FMs). We reviewed publications from major databases, focusing on developments in CT image analysis using DL from 2013 to 2023. Our search criteria included all types of articles, with a focus on peer-reviewed research papers and review articles in English. Key Content and Findings: The review reveals that DL, particularly advanced architectures like FMs, has transformed CT image analysis by streamlining interpretation processes and enhancing diagnostic capabilities. We found significant advancements in addressing global health challenges, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, and in ongoing efforts for lung cancer screening. The review also addresses technical challenges in CT image analysis, including data variability, the need for large high-quality datasets, and computational demands. Innovative strategies such as transfer learning, data augmentation, and distributed computing are explored as solutions to these challenges. Conclusions: This review underscores the pivotal role of DL in advancing CT image analysis, particularly for COVID-19 and lung nodule detection. The integration of DL models into clinical workflows shows promising potential to enhance diagnostic accuracy and efficiency. However, challenges remain in areas of interpretability, validation, and regulatory compliance. The review advocates for continued research, interdisciplinary collaboration, and ethical considerations as DL technologies become integral to clinical practice. While traditional imaging techniques remain vital, the integration of DL represents a significant advancement in medical diagnostics, with far-reaching implications for future research, clinical practice, and healthcare policy.