ArticleBMC veterinary research2025
Small extracellular vesicles derived from sequential stimulation of canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells enhance anti-inflammatory activity.
Article in BMC veterinary research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Promises and Perspectives of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Companion and Farm Animals.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Review
- The immunomodulatory power of mesenchymal stem/stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles in bone disorders: A comprehensive review.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2026Review
- Article
- Expanding Horizons: Next-Generation and Interdisciplinary Advances in the Applications of Extracellular Vesicles.Journal of extracellular biology · 2025Review
- Small extracellular vesicles produced from canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells mitigate diabetes mellitus in streptozotocin-induced mice via β-cell revitalization.BMC veterinary research · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSmall extracellular vesicles (sEVs) derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are recognized for their therapeutic potential in immune modulation and tissue repair, especially in veterinary medicine. This study introduces an innovative sequential stimulation (IVES) technique, involving low-oxygen gas mixture preconditioning using in vitro fertilization gas (IVFG) and direct current electrical stimulation (ES20), to enhance the anti-inflammatory properties of sEVs from canine adipose-derived MSCs (cAD-MSCs). Initial steps involved isolation and comprehensive characterization of cAD-MSCs, including morphology, gene expression, and differentiation potentials, alongside validation of the electrical stimulation protocol. IVFG, ES20, and IVES were applied simultaneously with a control condition. Stimulated cAD-MSCs were evaluated for morphological changes, cell viability, and gene expressions. Conditioned media were collected and purified for sEV isolation on Day1, Day2, and Day3. To validate the efficacy of IVES for sEV production, various analyses were conducted, including microscopic examination, surface marker assessment, zeta-potential measurement, protein quantification, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and determination of anti-inflammatory activity.
resultsWe found that IVES demonstrated non-cytotoxicity and induced crucial genotypic changes associated with sEV production in cAD-MSCs. Interestingly, IVFG influenced cellular adaptation, while ES20 induced hypoxia activation. By merging these stimulations, IVES enhanced sEV stability and quality profiles. The cAD-MSC-derived sEVs exhibited anti-inflammatory activity in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 macrophages, emphasizing their improved effectiveness without cytotoxicity or immunogenicity. These effects were consistent across day 3 collection, indicating the establishment of an effective protocol for sEV production.
conclusionsThis research established an innovative sequential stimulation method with positive impact on sEV characteristics including stability, quality, and anti-inflammatory activity. This study not only contributes to the enhancement of sEV production but also sheds light on their functional aspects for therapeutic interventions.
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