Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39838247›Full record

ArticleGastric cancer : official journal of the International Gastric Cancer Association and the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association2025

Cardiovascular and thromboembolic outcomes with immune checkpoint inhibitors in gastroesophageal cancer: a propensity score-matched cohort study.

Furkan Bahar, Betul Ibis, Sena Cakir Colak, Akshat Banga, Junmin Song, Yu-Cheng Chang, Kuan-Yu Chi, Yu Chang, Cho-Hung Chiang, Cho-Han Chiang

Abstract read
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Gastric cancer : official journal of the International Gastric Cancer Association and the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
  3. Article
  4. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Furkan BaharDepartment of Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 330 Mt Auburn St, Cambridge, MA, MA 02138, USA.
Betul IbisDepartment of Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 330 Mt Auburn St, Cambridge, MA, MA 02138, USA.
Sena Cakir ColakDepartment of Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 330 Mt Auburn St, Cambridge, MA, MA 02138, USA.
Akshat BangaDepartment of Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 330 Mt Auburn St, Cambridge, MA, MA 02138, USA.
Junmin SongDepartment of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
Yu-Cheng ChangDepartment of Medicine, Danbury Hospital, Danbury, CT, USA.
Kuan-Yu ChiDepartment of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
Yu ChangSection of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
Cho-Hung ChiangDepartment of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
Cho-Han ChiangDepartment of Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 330 Mt Auburn St, Cambridge, MA, MA 02138, USA. chiangchohan1129@gmail.com.ORCID 0000-0002-5757-6161

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular and thromboembolic events. However, the incidence of cardiovascular and thromboembolic events associated with ICIs in gastroesophageal cancers is unknown.

methodsWe performed a propensity score-matched cohort study using the TriNetX Analytics Network database, which comprises de-identified data from over 130 participating healthcare institutions. Patients who received ICI and chemotherapy were compared with those who received only chemotherapy. The primary outcomes were cardiovascular events including pericarditis, myocarditis, heart failure, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, atrial fibrillation, conduction disorders as well as venous thromboembolism (VTE) within 1-year of ICI or chemotherapy. We matched the cohorts based on predetermined variables including demographics, metastatic disease, chemotherapy, underlying comorbidities, and the use of cardiovascular and lipid-lowering medications.

resultsWe identified 1,448 patients who received ICI and chemotherapy and 11,966 patients who received chemotherapy only. After matching, 1,425 patients remained in each cohort. The mean age was 63.1 ± 12.7 years in the ICI and chemotherapy cohort and 62.9 ± 12.1 years in the chemotherapy-only cohort. ICI was associated with a higher incidence of pericarditis (45.6 vs. 30.9 cases per 1000 patient-years; HR 1.51 [95% CI 1.03-2.22]) and VTE (102.5 vs. 75.1 cases per 1000 patient-years; HR 1.40 [95% CI 1.09-1.80]). The incidence of other cardiovascular outcomes were similar between the two cohorts.

conclusionIn this cohort study, the use of ICI and chemotherapy was associated with an approximately 40-50% increased risk of pericarditis and VTE than patients on chemotherapy only.

Indexed as

Cardiovascular DiseasesEsophageal NeoplasmsImmune Checkpoint InhibitorsStomach NeoplasmsThromboembolismAgedCohort StudiesFemaleHumansIncidenceMaleMiddle AgedPropensity ScoreRetrospective StudiesImmune Checkpoint InhibitorsCardiovascular eventsGastroesophageal cancerImmune checkpoint inhibitorVenous thromboembolism

Identifiers

PMID39838247

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.