Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39834556›Full record

ArticleBrain, behavior, & immunity - health2025

Trajectory of peripheral inflammation during index ECT in association with clinical outcomes in treatment-resistant depression.

Christina M Hough, Jennifer L Kruse, Randall T Espinoza, John O Brooks, Eliza J Congdon, Viviane Norris, Michelle G Craske, Katherine L Narr

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Brain, behavior, & immunity - health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Christina M HoughDepartment of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Jennifer L KruseDepartment of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Randall T EspinozaDepartment of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
John O BrooksDepartment of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Eliza J CongdonDepartment of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Viviane NorrisDepartment of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Michelle G CraskeDepartment of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Katherine L NarrDepartment of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Funding

Imaging biomarkers of ECT response in major depressive disorderR01MH092301 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI ESPINOZA, RANDALL, NARR, KATHERINE L · 2011 to 2015
$4.0M
Biomarkers of fast acting therapies in major depressionK24MH102743 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI NARR, KATHERINE L · 2014 to 2018
$889k
Depression Response to Fast-Acting Treatments: Inflammation and Reward MechanismsK23MH116127 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI KRUSE, JENNIFER · 2018 to 2021
$790k
NIMH NIH HHS K23 MH116127NIMH NIH HHS K24 MH102743NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH092301
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a highly efficacious intervention for severe and intractable depression. Evidence suggests ECT provokes an initial acute inflammatory response that subsequently decreases with repeated administration. However, relationships between inflammatory changes and clinical effects are unclear. Improved understanding of these processes may provide critical insight into effective intervention for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Methods: Plasma inflammatory markers were assessed at pre-treatment (T1), after the second ECT session (T2), and after ECT index series completion (post-treatment/T3) in TRD (n = 40). Changes were examined over time and in association with post-treatment Responder/Non-responder status (≥50% reduction in global depression severity) and percent change in affective, cognitive and neurovegetative depressive symptom domains. Results: C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) increased from pre-treatment to T2, and decreased from T2 to post-treatment. Neither early (%T2-T1) nor total (%T1-T3) change in inflammation predicted clinical outcomes, however, the interaction between early/acute inflammatory response and post-treatment inflammation (relative to baseline) was associated with clinical outcomes. Larger initial increases in IL-6 predicted greater reductions in both affective and cognitive symptoms in subjects with higher post-treatment IL-6; those with lower post-treatment IL-6 trended toward the opposite. The same was found between changes in CRP and neurovegetative symptoms. Conclusions: Though preliminary, these results demonstrate how processes involved in the acute inflammatory response to ECT may differentially influence clinical outcomes depending on overall trajectory of inflammation following ECT. Findings also highlight the importance of examining symptom-specific changes in depression when studying treatment mechanisms, rather than relying solely on global measures of severity.

Indexed as

Affective profilesElectroconvulsive therapyInflammationMajor depressive disorderTreatment resistanceTreatment response

Identifiers

PMID39834556
PMCPMC11743860

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.