Observational studyBMC infectious diseases2025
A prospective observational cohort study of HIV infection in Indonesia: baseline characteristics and one-year mortality.
Observational study in BMC infectious diseases, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03663920 (A Prospective Observational Cohort Study on HIV Infection and Risk Related Coinfections/Comorbidities in Indonesia), which is not on this map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Prospective Observational Cohort Study on HIV Infection and Risk Related Coinfections/Comorbidities in Indonesia
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Protocol for the identification of recent HIV infection in newly diagnosed individuals.STAR protocols · 2026Article
- Annual trends and risk factors of late presentation of HIV at 19 referral hospitals in Indonesia: findings from the INA-PROACTIVE cohort.The Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia · 2026Article
- Immunological and virological response in HIV-1 infected patients receiving active antiretroviral therapy at a tertiary care center in Northern India.Iranian journal of microbiology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
36 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionThe incidence rate of newly diagnosed HIV infection in Indonesia decreased from 21 per 100,000 in 2011 to 10 per 100,000 in 2021. Despite this progress, AIDS-related deaths among people living with HIV (PLWH) increased from 3.4% in 2010 to 4.8% in 2020. Determining risk factors for mortality may identify areas to intervene and reduce mortality.
methodsA multicenter, prospective, observational cohort study of HIV infection, coinfections, and comorbidities (INA-PROACTIVE) was carried out at 19 hospitals across major islands in Indonesia. The study enrolled PLWH from 2018-2020 and followed them for 3 years. For this analysis, PLWH ≥ 18 years old with one year of follow-up data were included. Cox regression was used to identify variables at enrollment that correlated with one-year mortality.
resultsAmong the 4,050 PLWH analysed in the study, 68.8% were male, 53.5% acquired HIV through heterosexual transmission, 92.4% were on antiretroviral treatment (ART) at enrollment, and 72.4% had an undetectable viral load. At one year, 115 (2.8%) had died. Detectable viremia at enrollment was significantly associated with mortality, with the risk increasing as the viral load (VL) category increased (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 4.47, 95% CI: 1.47-13.56 for VL 50 to < 1,000 copies/mL; aHR 7.88, 95% CI: 2.80-22.20 for VL 1,000 to 10,000 copies/mL; and aHR 18.33, 95% CI: 7.94-42.34 for VL > 10,000 copies/mL; compared to VL < 50 copies/mL). Other factors at enrollment significantly associated with mortality were a CD4 + count < 200 (aHR 8.02, 95% CI: 2.69-23.86; compared to ≥ 350), age 40-49 years (aHR 2.19, 95% CI 1.23-3.87; compared to 18-29 years) and being underweight (aHR 1.84, 95% CI: 1.18-2.85; compared to normal weight).
conclusionsAmong predominantly treatment-experienced PLWH, detectable viremia and continued immunosuppression were significantly associated with one-year mortality. This study highlights the importance of ART with complete viral suppression as well as immune recovery to prevent mortality.
trial registrationClinical Trial Number: NCT03663920, registration date: 4 January 2018.
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