Observational studyJournal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry2025
Autoimmune encephalitis: recovery, residual symptoms and predictors of long-term sequelae.
Observational study in Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Utility of the APEAnnals of clinical and translational neurology · 2026Article
- Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in Critically Ill Children with Neuroimmunological Disorders: A Single-Center Cohort Study.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
- Insights Into the Antigenic Repertoire of Unclassified Synaptic Antibodies.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2026Article
- Clinical Features and Outcomes in Adult Patients with Autoimmune Encephalitis Requiring Intensive Care: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Neurocritical care · 2026Article
- Neuroinflammation and Mental Health in Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Encephalitis: Bridging Biological Mechanisms and Psychosocial Factors.Archives of internal medicine research · 2026Article
- Case Report: A case of anti-mGluR1 antibody-associated encephalitis treated with efgartigimod combined with rituximab.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Testing for neural antibodies in autoimmune encephalitis: who, what, where, when, why, and how.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2026Review
- Autoimmune Encephalitis in Pregnancy: A Case Report.Cureus · 2025Article
- Predictors of return to work status among patients with autoimmune encephalitis at one year post-discharge: a prospective observational study.BMC neurology · 2025Observational
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundData regarding long-term recovery from autoimmune encephalitis (AE) remain limited.
methodsThis retrospective observational study investigated outcomes in 182 patients who met the 2016 criteria for definite AE. Recovery data were available in 172 patients. Follow-up data at ≥24 months post-attack were available for 119. Recovery trajectory, residual symptoms, outcome predictors and causes of post-AE death were assessed.
resultsOf 172 patients, 138 (80%) achieved good recovery (modified Rankin Scale (mRS) ≤2) with a median recovery time of 4 months (95% CI: 2 to 6 months). Recovery varied by associated neural antibody, with the best recovery observed in leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (97% good recovery, median recovery time 0 (0 to 2) months). Paraneoplastic AE (p=0.007), severe attacks (eg, mRS ≥4 at attack, p=0.007) and cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis (p=0.005) were associated with a lower likelihood of good recovery, while seizure presentation (p=0.026) was associated with better recovery. Despite good recovery, several residual symptoms persisted ≥24 months post-AE, including cognitive deficits (53%), seizures (26%), depression (23%), sleep disorders (25%), brainstem/cerebellar symptoms (13%), other movement disorders (14%) and autonomic symptoms (12%). Predictors of long-term sequelae included disabling cognitive deficit at onset and delayed immunotherapy for post AE-dementia, and medial temporal atrophy as well as escalation to cyclophosphamide therapy for both drug-resistant epilepsy and chronic depression. Of 182 patients, 20 (11%) died; the most common cause of death was progression of AE (6/20 (30%)).
conclusionWhile the majority of patients achieved functional independence after AE, several residual symptoms persisted. Several clinical and paraclinical features were associated with long-term sequelae.
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