Medial and lateral vestibulospinal projections to the cervical spinal cord of the squirrel monkey.

Introduction: The brainstem vestibular nuclei neurons receive synaptic inputs from inner ear acceleration-sensing hair cells, cerebellar output neurons, and ascending signals from spinal proprioceptive-related neurons. The lateral (LVST) and medial (MVST) vestibulospinal (VS) tracts convey their coded signals to the spinal circuits to rapidly counter externally imposed perturbations to facilitate stability and provide a framework for self-generated head movements. Methods: The present study describes the morphological characteristics of intraaxonally recorded and labeled VS neurons monosynaptically connected to the 8th nerve. The visualization of axon location in the descending medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) differentiated ipsi- (i) and contralateral (c)-projecting MVST neurons. Vestibuloocular collic (VOC) neurons were comparably typed as cMVST cells but were also antidromically activated from the rostral MLF. Cervical-only LVST neurons projected ipsilaterally in the lateral to ventrolateral funiculi. Targets of VS axons, such as central cervical nucleus neurons, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, and splenius motoneurons, were identified using anti- and orthodromic electrical stimuli and intra-somatically labeled to describe their local spinal morphology. Results: Thirty-five VS neurons (26% of the 134 attempted samples) were successfully labeled to permit a moderate to (near) complete reconstruction of their trajectories and synaptic innervations. VOC neurons exhibited a prolific innervation of caudal brainstem nuclei, extensively innervated laminae VII and VIII, and, to a lesser extent, lateral and ventromedial lamina IX, from C1 to C8, and on average issued 15 branches along their trajectory with 92 terminal and Discussion: Their extensive axon branching distribution in the ventral horn provides a redundant and variable synaptic input to spinal cell groups. This suggests a common and site-specific control of the head and neck reflexes.