Quantifying Monomer-Dimer Distribution of Nanoparticles from Uncorrelated Optical Images Using Deep Learning.

Nanoparticles embedded in polymer matrices play a critical role in enhancing the properties and functionalities of composite materials. Detecting and quantifying nanoparticles from optical images (fixed samples-in vitro imaging) is crucial for understanding their distribution, aggregation, and interactions, which can lead to advancements in nanotechnology, materials science, and biomedical research. In this article, we propose an ensembled deep learning approach for automatic nanoparticle detection and oligomerization quantification in a polymer matrix for optical images. The majority of prior studies of nanoparticle identification and categorization of fixed samples are based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) or transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images, which are destructive to biological imaging. However, the proposed study is based on optical images, which are susceptible to noise, low contrast, anisotropic shape, overlapping of the point spread function, plasmon coupling, and resolution limitations. In this study, we fine-tune a deep neural network architecture, YOLOv8, on a carefully annotated data set of correlated optical and SEM images of 80 nm gold nanospheres (AuNSs) of varying oligomerization states. The resultant model features a weighted average accuracy of 80.7% for quantification of AuNSs and determination of their oligomeric state, far surpassing the capabilities of existing manual image processing methods. We also demonstrate its speed and effectiveness in nanoparticle detection and oligomerization within the polymer matrix through tests on high-density uncorrelated optical images. The optical image-based quantification technique will be useful for (live samples-for in vivo imaging) analyzing nanoparticle uptake, oligomerization state, and aggregation kinetics in live cells and identifying stoichiometry of membrane protein and its interactions, nanoparticle-cell interaction, cell signaling imaging, and drug delivery.